Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]>
Harold discusses his first combat and artillery fire. He says being on the frontline is scary. Having a buddy system with a Nisei veteran helps you learn the dos and don'ts of being in battle. Harold is grateful to Ted Sakahara for his good advice.

After breaking through the Gothic Line, the war ends. Harold stays in Europe until January 1946. He returns to Seattle, WA, and works a few jobs before becoming partners in a jewelry business and a ski retail business.

Harold is active in the ski community and is inducted into the Colorado Ski Hall of Fame. In 1960, he has an opportunity to go to the Olympics. In his spare time, Harold volunteers for the ski patrol.

Harold and his with Edith, have two daughters, a granddaughter, and two great-grandchildren. Harold hopes to instill family values in his children and to work hard. With the contribution of the Nisei legacy, Harold wants future generations and other ethnic groups to have more opportunities and equality. ]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

In 1938, Harold graduates high school and goes to the University of Washington for two years. Harold recalls the attack on Pearl Harbor. His brother, Masanori, is still in Japan studying abroad. However, Masanori makes it back to the United States on the last ship to Seattle. Harold discusses the effects of Pearl Harbor and the family's grocery store.

When evacuation orders are announced, Harold and his family go to Puyallup and then to Minidoka. He describes the living conditions at the camp. The Army is asking for volunteers for the 442nd. However, Harold is not accepted. Then after three months at Minidoka, Harold goes to harvest crops in Twin Falls. In Twin Falls, Harold and Edith get married.

In Denver, Harold receives his draft notice from the Army. June of 1944, Harold is inducted at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes to Camp Shelby for basic training.]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

In Seattle, WA, his father opens a grocery store. Harold's father enjoys fishing and tennis. Harold's memorable moment with his father is when they go fishing. Harold's other childhood activities are going to the movies and Boy Scouts.

Harold attends Central Elementary School and Japanese Language School. Later he attends Garfield High School. Growing up, Harold says he does not experience discrimination or prejudice. The people in Seattle are friendly.

At home, Harold speaks both Japanese and English. His parents instilled in him Japanese traditions and values. ]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Hikida, Miye: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Hikida, Miye: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Tony recalls his friend, Stan Kizawa, who worked in the Civil Censorship who is instrumental in saving the Kabuki Theater. In the occupation, Tony's role is mainly intelligence collection. The reason linguists are spread out through the different prefectures, Japan, is to assist the Japanese Government and Police with keeping the Communists under control.

The Nisei Linguists have more of an advantage for the locals to trust them over a white people who can speak Japanese. The locals want to make friends right away. Moreover, sharing the same culture is helpful in the mission.

The Japanese locals are accustomed to democracy. Therefore, when General MacArthur preserves the Emperor System and democracy after the war, he is well received. Democracy is established in Japan after the Meiji Restoration in 1868 (approximately) until the Military System takes over in the 1930s.

After the occupation, Tony works in a few positions in the military. Before retiring, he is Chief Historian of the Pacific Command. At the end of the interview, Tony shows a photo of him and the Captain Scientist "Chief" he accompanies in Japan occupation.





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Koura, Tony: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Tony arrives back in Kyushu, Japan, after Manchuria. He visits several areas in Japan. He goes to Kyoto to see what Japan would look like pre-war. Kyoto is the only city not bombed during World War Two because there were no war industries, and Kyoto is not a military center.

In May 1946, one of the other interpreters visits his family in Hiroshima, and Tony goes with him. Tony describes the devastation of the atomic bomb. The hills are blackened, and all the buildings are destroyed. Tony says it is a sight you can never forget. Despite the destruction of Hiroshima, the locals are trying to survive. In contrast, Tokyo has a few standing buildings.

Tony is discharged from the Army in December 1946. He attends the University of Washington and joins the reserves to make extra money, and the Korean War starts. However, Tony is not called to active duty due to his classification. Tony graduates college in June and is hired to be an Air Force interrogator in Tokyo, Japan.

Japan has changed drastically change from 1946 to 1951. Almost all the damages from the bombing are repaired. With the Korean War happening, the American Army needs the assistance of Japan. Tony says Japan is a tremendous help with the Korean War. In Japan, Tony's job is to interrogate Japanese soldier prisoners from Siberia. The Japanese prisoners have all of the strategic intel from working in the area. The American air Forces is in dire need of this information because of the Cold War.

Tony is in Japan from 1951 to 1956. Tony is an interrogator until the Peace Treaty is signed. Afterward, he works on special projects such as invasion and escapes studies for aircrews as a Department of Air Force (DAF). Later, he becomes a historian at Headquarters Pacific Air Forces and documents current Air Force History.

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Koura, Tony: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

After the draft notice, he receives his Military Intelligence Service (MIS) training. Tony is trained for occupational work and is assigned to the translation group for the invasion of Japan.

Tony's knowledge of the Japanese language and Japanese culture comes in handy for his training and during the occupation. At Fort Snelling, the training focuses on interpreting. After training, the overseas trip is delayed, and Tony ships out in November to Yokohama, Japan.

When Tony arrives in Yokohama, Japan, he sees the destruction of Japan first hand. He goes to Camp Zama, the Replacement Depot. He recalls the Japanese locals carry themselves very well despite going through the war. When Tony meets locals in Japan, they are curious about internment camps and the Japanese Americans on the mainland.

Tony gets his assignment and is assigned to the 5250th Technical Intelligence Company located at the former Tokyo First Armory at Camp Oji (Northern Tokyo). He is the interpreter for US Army scientists, engineers, chemists, and physicists whose responsibility is to investigate war crime activities of Japanese scientists and institutions. The US Army scientists are researching what the Japanese scientists were working on and discovered during the war.

When Tony has free time he goes on jeeps rides with a few other linguists and explores the countryside and beaches. Tony takes pictures during the occupations and describes a few of them.


]]>
Koura, Tony: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Onoda, Hideo: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Onoda, Hideo: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Onoda, Hideo: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values]]> Onoda, Bright: narrator]]> Onoda, Sam: narrator ]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Glenview, Illinois]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> World War II--Military service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Onoda, Bright: narrator]]> Onoda, Sam]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Glenview, Illinois]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Child rearing]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Onoda, Bright: narrator]]> Onoda, Sam]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Glenview, Illinois]]> Tanaka, Augustus: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Tanaka, Augustus: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Tanaka, Augustus: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Tanaka, Augustus: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values]]> Ouchi, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Race--Discrimination]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--522nd Field Artillery Battalion]]> Ouchi, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Loyalty Questionnaire]]> World War II--Military recruitment]]> Ouchi, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Education--Higher education]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--European Theater--Southern France Campaign (442nd Regimental Combat Team, Anti-Tank Company)]]> World War II--Casualties]]> World War II--Military service--Discharge]]> Yaguchi, Kenji: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> Race--Racism]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Living conditions]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Work & Jobs]]> World War II--Military recruitment]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Yaguchi, Kenji: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]> Community activities]]> Festivals, celebrations, and holidays]]> Education]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Identity and values--Parents]]> Yaguchi, Kenji: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]>
When Fort Snelling disbanded, the soldiers transfer to Presidio, Monterey. At Presidio, Ray remains with F Company and has the same duties at Fort Snelling. On some occasions, he visits San Francisco.

The war ends, and Ray discusses his thought on the atomic bomb dropping in Japan. After being discharged from the Army, Ray does not reenlist.

Post-war, Ray becomes an independent farmer with his brother, Tan. Also, Ray marries Mary Muramatsu and has three children. Ray describes photographs of his family and sports team. Ray values and appreciates his family and friends. He says he is grateful for the opportunity to make an oral history and share his war and camp experiences with future generations.
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Shiiki, Ray: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

When evacuation orders are announced, Ray and his family go to the assembly center and then to Minidoka. Ray describes the living conditions and job opportunities.

In camp, Ray plays baseball and makes several friends. Ray values the friendships he developed and maintains in contact with his friends. Ray recalls the loyalty questionnaire and says he is proud to be an American.

When Ray is drafted into the Army, he goes to Camp Hood and then to Fort Snelling. On furlough, he experiences discrimination and shares his feelings of being called a "Jap."

Post-war, Ray and his brother go into farming. Ray says Bob Wilson, Don Schneider, and Carl Graff are influential to his success in the farming industry. In 1990, Ray retired from farming and started herb gardening with his wife and son until 2000.
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Shiiki, Ray: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Ray emphasizes the value of family and friendship. He says relationships are important to him. During his school years, he recalls influential teachers and friends that impacted his life.

When Ray is in the seventh grade, he travels to Japan with his mother to visit his ill grandmother. Ray is gone for several months. However, he can catch up with his school assignments. Besides primary school, Ray attends Japanese Language School.

Ray recalls December 7 and going to the assembly center. Ray's family tries to stay together as long as they can. However, they go their separate ways. Ray is drafted and goes to Camp Hood and Fort Snelling. ]]>
Shiiki, Ray: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Japanese Americans--World War II]]> Identity and values--Nisei]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Azumano, George: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008-09-09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Portland]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Azumano, George: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008-09-09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> Azumano, George: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008-09-09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon]]> Child rearing]]> Identity and values--Issei]]> Community activities]]> Azumano, George: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008-09-09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Identity and values--Nisei]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Tokunaga, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Tokunaga, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Tokunaga, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Identity and values]]> Hamanaka, Joseph Ushio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue Washington ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Hamanaka, Joseph Ushio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Hamanaka, Joseph Ushio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Fort Snelling]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education]]> ]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> Identity and values]]> Journalism and media]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Sato, Frank Saburo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Laws and legislation--redress and reparations]]> Industry and employment]]> Community activities--Associations and organizations]]> Sato, Frank Saburo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Sato, Frank Saburo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Child rearing]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> ]]> Sato, Frank Saburo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Hata, Joshua Y.: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go for Broke National Education Center]]> Hata, Joshua Y.: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go for Broke National Education Center]]> Hata, Joshua Y.: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go for Broke National Education Center]]> Hata, Joshua Y.: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go for Broke National Education Center]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Kaseguma, Paul Shigeki: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-11-15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Kaseguma, Paul Shigeki: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-11-15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, California]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Kaseguma, Paul Shigeki: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-11-15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Hidaka, Frank Tsunemoto: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Hidaka, Frank Tsunemoto: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Akagi, James: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Akagi, James: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Identity and values]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Momoda, Shigeru Gerald: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-09-11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--France]]> Momoda, Shigeru Gerald: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-09-11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]>
After Frank's service in the Army 442nd Regimental Combat Team, K Company, He moves to Chicago to be near his sister and school. Frank gets married to Yuri L. Satow Matsuda. They have three children and three grandchildren. Eventually Frank moves back to Seattle because his father is ill.

Frank feels the situation is improving for the next generations after the war. Frank is proud of his kids and grandchildren. He wishes they do their best, be happy and healthy. ]]>
Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank discusses the treatment of African Americans in Mississippi. Frank shares some experiences he sees in Hattiesburg regarding segregation. The people in Hattiesburg are indifferent to the Japanese Americans in the South.

At Camp Shelby, there are mainland and Hawaiian soldiers. Frank addresses the division between the mainlanders and Hawaiian. There are talks of disbandment of the Japanese American unit and Frank explains how the issue is resolved.

Frank goes overseas to Europe. His first artillery fire happens north of Rome and he sees a dead body for the first time. This is a moment he cannot forget. The day after the Last Battalion, Frank encounters a mortar barrage (Vosges Mountain) and is hit in four places on his body. James Okubo (medic) helps him, and Frank wakes up in the hospital.

After being wounded, Frank is on limited service and works in the mortar pool unit. Frank hears the 442nd is going back to Italy and asks his Captain if he can go back with the outfit. Frank receives approval and is assigned back to K Company.

Frank did not interact with civilians much because he is in battle. Frank recalls the civilians knowing the war is over before he did. Frank returns to the United States after a month or two when the war ends. He is discharged at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes back to Seattle, Washington. Shortly after, Frank goes to live in Chicago with his sister. Post-war, Frank gets married and has children.
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Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank grows up during the Great Depression. Although money is hard to earn during the Great Depression, Frank's father buys a house for around $2,000. Asians could not own homes or property because of the Alien Land Law. After camp, Frank's sister's name is on the deed because she is an American citizen.

The Matsuda family lives in the community of Ballard in Seattle. The demographic is predominately Scandinavian. Frank remembers there are four Japanese American families plus them. Frank has many friends on 69th Street.

Frank recalls December 7 and the evacuation orders, Executive Order 9066 (EO9066). He says the Japanese Americans becomes the most hated people after Pearl Harbor. The Matsuda family goes to Puyallup and Minidoka. He describes the living conditions and provisions in camp.

Frank did not stay at Minidoka for long. He takes the opportunity to work on a sugar beet farm in Idaho. Later he goes to Salt Lake City to work at a meatpacking company and restaurant. ]]>
Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Lillian's sister returns to their family home first. Lillian says when she returns home, she prepares the house for her parents' return from Minidoka. Later she learns about her family receiving death threats.

Lillian discusses John's family's homecoming from Minidoka. When they return home, there is nothing left, and they did not have money. Fortunately, the Matsudaira family receives assistance from Saint Vincent de Paul and other religious affiliations. John does not return home from the hospital until February 1947. John is wounded in Rome in October 1944 by shrapnel. John also receives threats as well after returning home from camp.

Lillian shares John's basic training and war experiences. In Mississippi, there is segregation. Either it is white or black. Japanese Americans are considered white. Lillian says the Asians are not treated as badly as the African Americans in the South.

Lillian feels proud of her husband John for serving during World War Two. She says their contribution liberated the Japanese Americans and shows that the Japanese Americans are good as anyone else. The 442nd opened opportunities for other Asians to have a chance to have a better life. She reflects on American history and the generational gaps between Nisei and Sansei.

Lillian and John have four children and seven grandchildren. She shares memories of her children and John's interests and hobbies. ]]>
Matsudaira, Lillian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Lillian's father is Tsuyoshi Inouye, and her mother is Yayoi Inouye. They have six children in the family. Lillian grows up in a neighborhood that is primarily Japanese American and Chinese. Although Lillian's family is more westernized, she recalls some Japanese traditions practiced during New Year.

Lillian's husband is John Takehisa Matsudaira. He is born November 26, 1922, in Seattle, Washington. John's father is Tokohisa Matsudaira, and his mother is Hatori Umeda Matsudaira. John's parents are from Kanazawa, Japan. They have fourteen children. John is the oldest child in the family, and there is about a 20 year age gap between the siblings.

After school, Lillian helps out at the family restaurant. She rarely has free time. Lillian also attends Japanese School for six years. The neighborhood children are her friends.

John is a loner during his school years. He has many interests and enjoys reading books. John lived in Japan for about five years and started his artwork in Japan. He returns to the United States when he is 12 years old.

Lillian recalls December 7 and evacuation. She describes the atmosphere and preparations made for camp.]]>
Matsudaira, Lilian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Lillian identifies with her Japanese heritage, but after the war, she realizes there is a need to emphasize being American. She recalls three individuals that show support to the Japanese American Community and her family.

Lillian and her family are sent to Puyallup and Minidoka. She describes the living conditions and life behind barb wires. At Minidoka, she meets John Matsudaira. John volunteers for service and leaves in June 1943. They stay in contact through correspondences.

Lillian leaves camp and goes to Ohio and Philadelphia to reunite with her sisters Fran and Ruby. ]]>
Matsudaira, Lilian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Tochihara, Richard: narrator]]> Hirata, Jared: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> World War II--Awards, medals]]> Industry and employment]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Tochihara, Richard: narrator]]> Hirata, Jared: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Tochihara, Richard: narrator]]> Hirata, Jared: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> Tochihara, Richard: narrator]]> Hirata, Jared: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Social activities]]> Child rearing]]> Identity and values]]> Tochihara, Richard: narrator]]> Hirata, Jared: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Identity and values]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> World War II--Military service--Recruiting and enlisting]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values]]> Race--Discrimination]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Identity and values--American Japanese]]> Industry and employment]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--522nd Field Artillery Battalion]]> World War II--Military service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Sato, John: narrator]]> Miyasaki, Gaye: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 June 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Race--Racism]]> Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Sato, John: narrator]]> Miyasaki, Gaye: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 June 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Ota, Kenneth: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Ota, Kenneth: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> Social activities]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Ota, Kenneth: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Child rearing]]> Social activities]]> Ota, Kenneth: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> Community activities]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Industry and employment]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Child rearing]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Community activities]]> Social activities]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki]]> World War II--Mass Removal ("Evacuation")]]> World War II--Leaving Camp]]> Oda, Esther: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-03-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Community activities]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Identity and values--Sansei]]> World War II--Department of Justice Internment Camps--Crystal City]]> Oda, Esther: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-03-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Department of Justice Internment Camps--Crystal City]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> ]]> Oda, Esther: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-03-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Industry and employment]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--Bruyeres, Belmont, Biffontaine]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]> World War II--France]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Italy]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Education]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> Identity and values]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values]]> Community activities]]> Hara, George: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bobby: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 July 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Identity and values]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]>
]]>
Hara, George: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bobby: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 July 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]>
World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Philippine Islands]]> Hara, George: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bobby: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 July 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Hara, George: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bobby: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 July 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]>

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