Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]>
Harold discusses his first combat and artillery fire. He says being on the frontline is scary. Having a buddy system with a Nisei veteran helps you learn the dos and don'ts of being in battle. Harold is grateful to Ted Sakahara for his good advice.

After breaking through the Gothic Line, the war ends. Harold stays in Europe until January 1946. He returns to Seattle, WA, and works a few jobs before becoming partners in a jewelry business and a ski retail business.

Harold is active in the ski community and is inducted into the Colorado Ski Hall of Fame. In 1960, he has an opportunity to go to the Olympics. In his spare time, Harold volunteers for the ski patrol.

Harold and his with Edith, have two daughters, a granddaughter, and two great-grandchildren. Harold hopes to instill family values in his children and to work hard. With the contribution of the Nisei legacy, Harold wants future generations and other ethnic groups to have more opportunities and equality. ]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

In 1938, Harold graduates high school and goes to the University of Washington for two years. Harold recalls the attack on Pearl Harbor. His brother, Masanori, is still in Japan studying abroad. However, Masanori makes it back to the United States on the last ship to Seattle. Harold discusses the effects of Pearl Harbor and the family's grocery store.

When evacuation orders are announced, Harold and his family go to Puyallup and then to Minidoka. He describes the living conditions at the camp. The Army is asking for volunteers for the 442nd. However, Harold is not accepted. Then after three months at Minidoka, Harold goes to harvest crops in Twin Falls. In Twin Falls, Harold and Edith get married.

In Denver, Harold receives his draft notice from the Army. June of 1944, Harold is inducted at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes to Camp Shelby for basic training.]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

In Seattle, WA, his father opens a grocery store. Harold's father enjoys fishing and tennis. Harold's memorable moment with his father is when they go fishing. Harold's other childhood activities are going to the movies and Boy Scouts.

Harold attends Central Elementary School and Japanese Language School. Later he attends Garfield High School. Growing up, Harold says he does not experience discrimination or prejudice. The people in Seattle are friendly.

At home, Harold speaks both Japanese and English. His parents instilled in him Japanese traditions and values. ]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Onoda, Hideo: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Onoda, Hideo: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Onoda, Hideo: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values]]> Onoda, Bright: narrator]]> Onoda, Sam: narrator ]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Glenview, Illinois]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> World War II--Military service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Onoda, Bright: narrator]]> Onoda, Sam]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Glenview, Illinois]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Child rearing]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Onoda, Bright: narrator]]> Onoda, Sam]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Glenview, Illinois]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values]]> Ouchi, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Race--Discrimination]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--522nd Field Artillery Battalion]]> Ouchi, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Loyalty Questionnaire]]> World War II--Military recruitment]]> Ouchi, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Education--Higher education]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--European Theater--Southern France Campaign (442nd Regimental Combat Team, Anti-Tank Company)]]> World War II--Casualties]]> World War II--Military service--Discharge]]> Yaguchi, Kenji: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> Race--Racism]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Living conditions]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Work & Jobs]]> World War II--Military recruitment]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Yaguchi, Kenji: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]> Community activities]]> Festivals, celebrations, and holidays]]> Education]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Identity and values--Parents]]> Yaguchi, Kenji: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Identity and values--Nisei]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Tokunaga, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Tokunaga, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Tokunaga, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Identity and values]]> Hamanaka, Joseph Ushio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue Washington ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Hamanaka, Joseph Ushio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Hamanaka, Joseph Ushio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Murakami, Kazuo: narrator]]> Leivici, Joanne: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Murakami, Kazuo: narrator]]> Leivici, Joanne: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Murakami, Kazuo: narrator]]> Leivici, Joanne: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Fort Snelling]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education]]> ]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> Identity and values]]> Journalism and media]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Sato, Frank Saburo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Laws and legislation--redress and reparations]]> Industry and employment]]> Community activities--Associations and organizations]]> Sato, Frank Saburo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Sato, Frank Saburo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Child rearing]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> ]]> Sato, Frank Saburo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Hata, Joshua Y.: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go for Broke National Education Center]]> Hata, Joshua Y.: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go for Broke National Education Center]]> Hata, Joshua Y.: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go for Broke National Education Center]]> Hata, Joshua Y.: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go for Broke National Education Center]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Kaseguma, Paul Shigeki: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-11-15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Kaseguma, Paul Shigeki: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-11-15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, California]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Kaseguma, Paul Shigeki: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-11-15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Hidaka, Frank Tsunemoto: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Hidaka, Frank Tsunemoto: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Akagi, James: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Akagi, James: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Identity and values]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Momoda, Shigeru Gerald: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-09-11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--France]]> Momoda, Shigeru Gerald: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-09-11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]>
After Frank's service in the Army 442nd Regimental Combat Team, K Company, He moves to Chicago to be near his sister and school. Frank gets married to Yuri L. Satow Matsuda. They have three children and three grandchildren. Eventually Frank moves back to Seattle because his father is ill.

Frank feels the situation is improving for the next generations after the war. Frank is proud of his kids and grandchildren. He wishes they do their best, be happy and healthy. ]]>
Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank discusses the treatment of African Americans in Mississippi. Frank shares some experiences he sees in Hattiesburg regarding segregation. The people in Hattiesburg are indifferent to the Japanese Americans in the South.

At Camp Shelby, there are mainland and Hawaiian soldiers. Frank addresses the division between the mainlanders and Hawaiian. There are talks of disbandment of the Japanese American unit and Frank explains how the issue is resolved.

Frank goes overseas to Europe. His first artillery fire happens north of Rome and he sees a dead body for the first time. This is a moment he cannot forget. The day after the Last Battalion, Frank encounters a mortar barrage (Vosges Mountain) and is hit in four places on his body. James Okubo (medic) helps him, and Frank wakes up in the hospital.

After being wounded, Frank is on limited service and works in the mortar pool unit. Frank hears the 442nd is going back to Italy and asks his Captain if he can go back with the outfit. Frank receives approval and is assigned back to K Company.

Frank did not interact with civilians much because he is in battle. Frank recalls the civilians knowing the war is over before he did. Frank returns to the United States after a month or two when the war ends. He is discharged at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes back to Seattle, Washington. Shortly after, Frank goes to live in Chicago with his sister. Post-war, Frank gets married and has children.
]]>
Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank grows up during the Great Depression. Although money is hard to earn during the Great Depression, Frank's father buys a house for around $2,000. Asians could not own homes or property because of the Alien Land Law. After camp, Frank's sister's name is on the deed because she is an American citizen.

The Matsuda family lives in the community of Ballard in Seattle. The demographic is predominately Scandinavian. Frank remembers there are four Japanese American families plus them. Frank has many friends on 69th Street.

Frank recalls December 7 and the evacuation orders, Executive Order 9066 (EO9066). He says the Japanese Americans becomes the most hated people after Pearl Harbor. The Matsuda family goes to Puyallup and Minidoka. He describes the living conditions and provisions in camp.

Frank did not stay at Minidoka for long. He takes the opportunity to work on a sugar beet farm in Idaho. Later he goes to Salt Lake City to work at a meatpacking company and restaurant. ]]>
Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Lillian's sister returns to their family home first. Lillian says when she returns home, she prepares the house for her parents' return from Minidoka. Later she learns about her family receiving death threats.

Lillian discusses John's family's homecoming from Minidoka. When they return home, there is nothing left, and they did not have money. Fortunately, the Matsudaira family receives assistance from Saint Vincent de Paul and other religious affiliations. John does not return home from the hospital until February 1947. John is wounded in Rome in October 1944 by shrapnel. John also receives threats as well after returning home from camp.

Lillian shares John's basic training and war experiences. In Mississippi, there is segregation. Either it is white or black. Japanese Americans are considered white. Lillian says the Asians are not treated as badly as the African Americans in the South.

Lillian feels proud of her husband John for serving during World War Two. She says their contribution liberated the Japanese Americans and shows that the Japanese Americans are good as anyone else. The 442nd opened opportunities for other Asians to have a chance to have a better life. She reflects on American history and the generational gaps between Nisei and Sansei.

Lillian and John have four children and seven grandchildren. She shares memories of her children and John's interests and hobbies. ]]>
Matsudaira, Lillian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Lillian's father is Tsuyoshi Inouye, and her mother is Yayoi Inouye. They have six children in the family. Lillian grows up in a neighborhood that is primarily Japanese American and Chinese. Although Lillian's family is more westernized, she recalls some Japanese traditions practiced during New Year.

Lillian's husband is John Takehisa Matsudaira. He is born November 26, 1922, in Seattle, Washington. John's father is Tokohisa Matsudaira, and his mother is Hatori Umeda Matsudaira. John's parents are from Kanazawa, Japan. They have fourteen children. John is the oldest child in the family, and there is about a 20 year age gap between the siblings.

After school, Lillian helps out at the family restaurant. She rarely has free time. Lillian also attends Japanese School for six years. The neighborhood children are her friends.

John is a loner during his school years. He has many interests and enjoys reading books. John lived in Japan for about five years and started his artwork in Japan. He returns to the United States when he is 12 years old.

Lillian recalls December 7 and evacuation. She describes the atmosphere and preparations made for camp.]]>
Matsudaira, Lilian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Lillian identifies with her Japanese heritage, but after the war, she realizes there is a need to emphasize being American. She recalls three individuals that show support to the Japanese American Community and her family.

Lillian and her family are sent to Puyallup and Minidoka. She describes the living conditions and life behind barb wires. At Minidoka, she meets John Matsudaira. John volunteers for service and leaves in June 1943. They stay in contact through correspondences.

Lillian leaves camp and goes to Ohio and Philadelphia to reunite with her sisters Fran and Ruby. ]]>
Matsudaira, Lilian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> World War II--Military service--Recruiting and enlisting]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values]]> Race--Discrimination]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Identity and values--American Japanese]]> Industry and employment]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Ota, Kenneth: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Ota, Kenneth: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> Social activities]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Ota, Kenneth: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Child rearing]]> Social activities]]> Ota, Kenneth: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> Community activities]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Industry and employment]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Child rearing]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Community activities]]> Social activities]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Yoshihara, George: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki]]> World War II--Mass Removal ("Evacuation")]]> World War II--Leaving Camp]]> Oda, Esther: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-03-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Community activities]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Identity and values--Sansei]]> World War II--Department of Justice Internment Camps--Crystal City]]> Oda, Esther: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-03-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Department of Justice Internment Camps--Crystal City]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> ]]> Oda, Esther: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-03-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Industry and employment]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--Bruyeres, Belmont, Biffontaine]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]> World War II--France]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Italy]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Education]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> Identity and values]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
John recalls his team member, Jim Teshima, and their family relationship. After one year in the Philippines, John returned to the United States. John was discharged in 1946, and at the end of his military career, he was a T4 (Buck Sergeant). John mentions the ranking difference between the hakujins and nihonjins in the military.

Three months later, he worked for the Federal government. He worked for the VA for five years at Fort Snelling and later transferred to the IRS. Besides working, John continued his education and completed his degree.

John is married and has four children and six grandchildren.]]>
Takekawa, John: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

The family moved around frequently. However, the house was still within walking distance of the school. Besides primary school, John attended Japanese language school for 12 years. John's favorite subject in school was math and playing sports. John played on a Japanese Baptist Church basketball team, the Baptist Lightening.

After graduating high school, John's older brother encouraged John to attend college. John enrolled at the University of Washington for two quarters before the war started.

John recalls December 7 and going to Puyallup for three months. Later, John and his family went to Minidoka. John gave credit to the Episcopal Church for arranging a scholarship and helping him into the University of Boston.

In May 1944, John was drafted. He went to Japanese language school at Fort Snelling and completed basic training at Fort McClellan. After training, John went overseas to Manila and was assigned to war crimes trials.]]>
Takekawa, John: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Maritime Alps]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Italy]]> Sasaki, Edward: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 May 20]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Denton, Texas]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Sasaki, Edward: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 May 20]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Denton, Texas]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> ]]> Osaka, William: narrator]]> Kobayashi, Jesse: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006-02-26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Maritime Alps,"Champagne Campaign"]]> World War II--Medals]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Osaka, William: narrator]]> Kobayashi, Jesse: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006-02-26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Identity and values]]> Osaka, William: narrator]]> Kobayashi, Jesse: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006-02-26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
The cities affected by the atomic bomb are clean and organized despite the devastation from the atomic bombing. For example, in Yokohama, the rubble and debris are swept away. Sam says the streets are clean enough to eat off.

After being discharged from the Army, Sam goes to a trade school on his GI Bill. Sam learned auto mechanics. He worked in the auto mechanic business for thirty years before retiring.

In 1951, Sam married Julie after dating for five years. They have three children - Lorrie, Mark, and Elaine and two grandchildren - Danielle (16 years old) and Joseph (13 years old).

Sam hopes for his grandchildren that their generation and future generations do not have to go to war. He wants his grandchildren to be successful in whatever they do in life.
]]>
Saito, Isamu: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

At Fort Snelling, Sam recalls relying on himself to learn the material taught in training. When Sam's parents left Minidoka, he asked John Aiso for leave. Sam is approved to leave for a few hours for his family. If he missed classes, there was no option to repeat the course. Classes are five days a week, and there was time to attend church Sunday. For social activities, there were dances and movies.

With the training at Fort Snelling, Sam saw a progression in his Japanese language skills. He learns how to interrogate Prisoners of War (POWs). After graduating from training, Sam's graduating class went to the Philippines. However, they stopped in Hawaii because the troopship needed repairs. The ship docks in Hawaii for ten days. Some of the graduating class were Hawaiian soldiers, and their families prepared a luau dinner almost every night.

When Sam got close to the Philippines, the war ended. In the Philippines, Sam's graduating class was interviewed and then classified for their assignments. After a month, Sam went to occupation Japan. Sam was assigned to Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), and he works with a railroad Battalion in Yokohama. Sam's job was to interpret.

He was stationed at the railroad for almost a year. During Sam's vacation, he traveled around Japan, visiting relatives and sightseeing.
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Saito, Isamu: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

He remembers after a year at Minidoka, the government, allowed outside organizations such as the churches to enter the camp. The recreation hall was used for different religious services for the Japanese Americans.

The weather in the summer was hot and dry, and in the wintertime, the weather was cold and dry. In the winter, Sam went ice skating on the frozen pond. Also, social dances were organized by individual blocks. For school, the laundry room was utilized as a classroom.

In Minidoka, Sam attended school and continued to work with the advance crew in the garage. In the garage, Sam assisted the mechanics with repairing trucks. In 1943, Sam was inducted into the Army. He was aware of the 442nd because they came to the camp looking for volunteers. Volunteering for the Army was the fastest way out of camp.

Sam recalls the WRA giving the loyalty questionnaire, and some of his friends were deported to Japan. However, one of Sam's friends was able to return to the United States after the war. Sam was drafted into the Army, and his parents told him not to bring shame to the family.

Joining the Army was an adventure for Sam. The first day of Army life for Sam began at Camp Shelby, MS, for basic training. At basic training, Sam learned how to obey orders, physical strength building, and weapons. Sam says basic training was short because replacements were needed overseas.

After training, Sam's groups went to Fort Meade and then to Europe. Sam was left behind at Camp Shelby because he was sick. Later, Sam received orders to go to Fort Snelling Military Intelligence Service Language School.]]>
Saito, Isamu: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

When Executive Order 9066 (EO9066) was announced, Sam's family prepared for evacuation and packed two duffel bags. Sam packs some clothes and toys. Sam's parents tried to sell their belongings but left a lot of possessions behind.

Sam and his family went to Puyallup Assembly Center and lived in a horse stall for three months before going to Minidoka. During the three months, Sam and his peers played games and baseball. Moreover, various jobs around the Assembly Center became available.

Sam was sent to Minidoka, ID, as part of the advance crew to help with the setup of Minidoka. Before arriving at Minidoka, there was a guard tower and barracks built. Sam and the advance crew placed the barbed wire around the camp. The barracks had no insulation, and the room got cold in the winter. In addition, the barracks have limited privacy.

Minidoka was set up by block, and each block had a mess hall, laundry room, and communal shower rooms for the internees. The lifestyle at camp changed the family dynamic. Sam discusses the shift in authority his father had over the family.

Many Issei tried to have churches come to camp to unify the family. After a year, churches were able to come. Sam recalls Reverend Anderson and his devotion to the Japanese Americans at Minidoka. Reverend Anderson and his family move to Twin Falls to be near Minidoka.



]]>
Saito, Isamu: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Schooling was challenging for Sam because he had to rely on himself since he is the oldest child of Issei. He mentions the language and culture barriers with the Caucasian teachers as well.

Besides primary school, Sam attended Japanese language school. Therefore he did not participate in after-school activities. In the summertime, Sam is busy with summer school and working part-time. He works delivering the Japanese newspapers or working on a farm to earn money for new clothes.

In high school, Sam is aware of world news. He recalls December 7 and the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. At school, Sam's friends blame the Japanese Americans. However, Sam does not feel the Japanese Americans are responsible. At home, Sam recalls the visit from the FBI.]]>
Saito, Isamu: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

The values Sam's father instilled in him was live your own life and create your opportunities. Education is the key to success. Both Sam's father and mother instilled the values of hard work, education, and honestly.

Sam's mother was a missionary-educated person and spoke English. At home, English is the primary language to help his parents learn more English. To help Sam with his Japanese language, his mother has a private tutor for him. Later, Sam attended Japanese language school after primary school. At Japanese language school, he learns reading and writing. He attended Japanese language school for almost 12 to 13 years. Besides school, Sam enjoys baseball.

When the Great Depression happened, Sam recalls his father doing his best to provide for the family and the community coming together to help another. Moreover, Sam recalls Reverend Andrews, a supporter of the Japanese Americans during camp.
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Saito, Isamu: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Industry and employment]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Casualties]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Veterans--United States--Biography]]> Nomura, Frank Shimpei: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 September 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Housing--Barracks]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Work & Jobs]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Combat--Weapons--Rifles]]> Nomura, Frank Shimpei: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 September 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]> Immigration and citizenship--Picture brides]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Education--Japan]]> Festivals, celebrations, and holidays]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath--Personal recollections]]> Nomura, Frank Shimpei: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 September 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]> Military service--Post-World War II service]]> Identity and values--Issei]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Izui, Victor: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000 April 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]> Military service--Post-World War II service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Izui, Victor: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000 April 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Maritime Alps]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Medical care]]> Izui, Victor: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 200 April 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Medical care]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Izui, Victor: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000 April 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Izui, Victor: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000 April 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]> Education]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Izui, Victor: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000 April 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Post World War II--Travel, leisure]]> Child rearing]]> Ishihara, George: narrator]]> Tagami, Steve: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000-02-06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California]]> World War II--Combat--Artillery]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Maritime Alps,"Champagne Campaign"]]> World War II--Germany]]> World War II--Military service--522nd Field Artillery Battalion]]> Ishihara, George: narrator]]> Tagami, Steve: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000-02-06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>

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