In 1939, their parents returned to Japan and moved back to Chicago, IL, after the war for a few years. Michael and Jimmy's parents decided to settle back in Japan because all their friends were there. Michael and Jimmy describe their parents as gentle and caring.

Although their parents were Buddhist, the children were raised as Christian. A traditional holiday celebrated in the house was New Year. The children were taught well and grew up to be good citizens.

Michael and Jimmy discuss their school years and participating in sports. At home Michael and Jimmy help with house chores or farm work. Their oldest brother had two produce stores, and Michael helped. Michael and Jimmy recall December 7 and the aftermath that followed.

Jimmy recollects his Sunday School Teacher saying he was American. The following day, Jimmy's friends treated him differently at lunchtime, and he ate lunch alone. Although some people treated the Japanese Americans as an outcast, the Oxnard community treated the Japanese Americans well.

Almost a month after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Michael was drafted. He went to San Pedro, Camp MacArthur, before going to Rockford, IL. The Japanese American soldiers were assigned to the Medical Training Center, where Michael trained to be a medic and worked in a hospital as an attendant.

Later, Michael went to Camp Blanding, Florida, to be a replacement for the 442nd. Michael transitioned from being a medic to an infantryman. After completing training, he went overseas to be a replacement for the 100th and 442nd.
]]> Doi, Jimmy: narrator]]> Doi, Michael John: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-03-07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Henry Gary Shiota discusses camp life and joins a club at school. He recalls sponsoring his first dance and not having a high attendance. Eventually, he discovers how to promote his club's events. Gary's club becomes the most successful at Rohwer, AK.

The living quarters in the camp have no privacy because the barracks are shared spaces. Gary learns to have selective hearing. He says selective hearing helps him later in life too. In contrast, Gary says there is a kinship between the Japanese Americans and the African Americans since they both face discrimination.

In 1943, everyone in the camp is given a loyalty questionnaire. Gary explains how the questions are answered and the reasons why. Some of his friends answer no-no and are transfer to Tule Lake. On his graduation day, Gary does not enjoy the festivities because his friends are at Tule Lake.
]]> Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
There are four members in Gary's family since his mother remarries. Gary describes the barrack structure and living conditions. Gary says it is easy to make friends at camp but going to different mess halls to eat. The structure of the mess halls at the assembly center changes the family dynamic doing meal times. Before camp, Japanese American families would eat together. Now the children look for their peers to eat with them. In addition, the parents are finding jobs in camp to earn extra money.

After a few months at Stockton Assembly Center, Gary and his family go to Rohwer, AK. The trip takes four days, and there are no showers amenities. In Rohwer, there are approximately 9,500 Japanese Americans. Gary says they arrive at Rohwer in October and the Issei parents organize a schooling system for the children.

Gary is a junior in high school, and there are approximately 170 students. He meets different peers from Washington and various parts of California. Before the war, Gary recalls his mother telling him that he is born and raised in the United States. America is his homeland. His mother also instills in him the attitude of shikata ga nai and do not make waves.]]> Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]>
As a youth, Taira is aware of world events from the LA Times. He reads about land leasing and the war overseas. However, Taira thinks poverty is more important news in those days. On December 7, Taira is playing football with the Japanese American kids. He recalls Charlie Chaplin is filming the movie The Great Dictator across the street.

The following day after the Pearl Harbor attack, Taira goes to school on the bus. The school has an assembly and shows support for the Japanese Americans. He discusses the treatment after December 7, and he does not realize the severity of the situation until the evacuation.

Besides evacuation, there are curfew hours. Taira says he only goes to school and straight comes home. Moreover, He recalls neighbors coming and taking the plants from the front yard and asking low prices for their belongings.

Taira believes his family is the first to go to camp because his relatives volunteer to help build Manzanar. Taira's brother loses his job after Pearl Harbor and decides to help with the construction of Manzanar.

Taira describes the living condition at Manzanar. Briefly, He leaves camp to work on a farm in Idaho and attends Idaho Falls High School. However, working and going to school is tough. He returns to Manzanar and finishes high school in the camp. He studies journalism and is the senior editor.

In camp, Taira answers the loyalty questionnaire and explains the different possibilities of answering the questionnaire. In 1944, he is drafted into the Army with his brother Jim. Taira and Jim, go to Fort Douglas, and the other Nisei go to Camp Blanding or Camp Hood.

Camp Hood is for the anti-tank unit. However, Taira is a rife replacement for the 442nd. Taira is assigned to Company A 140th Battalion, and their unit is known as the Flying A. He describes life in basic training. His training is cut from 18 weeks to 16 weeks due to the Battle of Bulge.
]]> Fukushima, Taira: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
In 1938, Harold graduates high school and goes to the University of Washington for two years. Harold recalls the attack on Pearl Harbor. His brother, Masanori, is still in Japan studying abroad. However, Masanori makes it back to the United States on the last ship to Seattle. Harold discusses the effects of Pearl Harbor and the family's grocery store.

When evacuation orders are announced, Harold and his family go to Puyallup and then to Minidoka. He describes the living conditions at the camp. The Army is asking for volunteers for the 442nd. However, Harold is not accepted. Then after three months at Minidoka, Harold goes to harvest crops in Twin Falls. In Twin Falls, Harold and Edith get married.

In Denver, Harold receives his draft notice from the Army. June of 1944, Harold is inducted at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes to Camp Shelby for basic training.]]> Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Ray attended Coronado High School and got good grades. He credits his education in Japan for doing well in high school. In addition to Ray's academic studies, he was elected student body treasurer and ran track. Ray was popular with his peers and had many friends.

On December 7, 1941, Ray's life changed when Pearl Harbor was attacked. Many of Ray's friends treated him differently at school, and Ray was forcibly removed to Santa Anita Assembly Center and then to Poston, AZ.

Ray relocated alone because his father was in Crystal City, Texas, and his older brother volunteered for the Army in 1942. Life in the camp was tough, and Ray had to care for himself.

Ray graduated from high school in the camp and left Poston to work in Chicago, IL. Soon after, he found a better job working as a bookkeeper. Ray saved enough money to attend the University of Minnesota, and when his finances ran low, he volunteered for the Army.

Ray started his career as an auditor working in Japan at the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) during the occupation. Next, he was a translator in Tokyo civil service and Okinawa civil service. Ray's second time in Japan was with the Air Force Audit Agency and working around Asia. When Ray retired, Northrop offered him a job and traveled to Korea, Saudi Arabia, and various states in the United States for auditing.

In Ray's retirement years, he enjoys playing golf and going on cruises. Ray has been married to the love of his life for 57 years and has three children and three grandchildren. Ray hopes his grandchildren have a good education and a job they enjoy. For the future of America, he hopes there are no more wars.]]> Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Japan--Pre-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--U.S. Army Internment Camps--Honouliuli]]> Urata, Harry: narrator]]> Niiya, Brian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Heart Mountain]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> Konoshima, Akio: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 July 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bethesda, Maryland ]]>
Before going overseas, Henry visits his family in Amache and has a bad experience. He describes the living conditions and treatment. Also, Henry gets married to his wife in Chicago.

In Italy, Henry is in the last push. He describes his time in the European Theater and the learning of Joe's death. Chiye Hayashi Watanabe and Seiichi Nakawatase also discuss learning about Joe's death. Joe Hayashi is awarded the Purple Heart, Distinguish Service Medal, and Medal of Honor for his service in World War Two.
]]> Watanabe, Chiye: narrator]]> Hayashi, Henry: narrator]]> Nakawatase, Seiichi: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Seiichi and his family go to Pomona Fair Grounds then to Heart Mountain. Chiye and her in-laws arrive at Heart Mountain a month later. During this time, Henry and Joe are at Fort Sheridan. Henry is assigned to the mortar pool company. Henry's family is at Santa Anita and then goes to Amache, Co.

Chiye and Seiichi recount camp life at Heart Mountain and the living conditions. Henry describes the effects of Pearl Harbor on the Japanese Americans in service.
]]> Watanabe, Chiye: narrator]]> Hayashi, Henry: narrator]]> Nakawatase, Seiichi]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]> Fujimoto, Fumio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
In Ridley, Frank and his parents work on a peach farm until they receive evacuation orders. Previously, Frank grows up with mainly Caucasian people. After moving to Ridley, a farming community, and Poston, Frank discusses the culture shock.

Frank and his parents go to Poston, Camp 3, and he recounts the living conditions. At Poston, Frank continues his education, and his parents find jobs within the camp. Frank recalls his mother's family are relocated to Gila River.

In June of 1943, Frank and his parents leave Poston. Frank finishes high School and gets a job analyzing paint. In January of 1945, Frank receives his draft notice and starts his military career. ]]> Hiratsuka, Frank: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Education]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Asato, Jotoku: narrator]]> Oka, Leonard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]>
After Coolidge's father passed away, the family moved to Honolulu. His mother worked hard to support the family. At age fifteen, Coolidge went to the mainland for higher education. He settled in California and found a job as a houseboy. Coolidge attended Berkeley High School.

On December 7, Coolidge attended church and learned the news when he went home. Coolidge did not feel any discrimination when he moved to the mainland. His employer and classmates at high school treated him fairly. The following day after Pearl Harbor, Coolidge went to school. He continued to focus on his educational goals.

When Executive Order 9066 was signed, Coolidge and his brother reported to Tanforan. After three to fourth months in Tanforan, Coolidge was sponsored to leave the camp to go to New York. In 1944 Coolidge graduated high school in New York and applied for college. He attended Grinnell College in Iowa with financial assistance from scholarships and a family from Kauai. After his first year of college, Coolidge was drafted into the military.

Coolidge was inducted at Fort Sheridan and shipped to Camp Blanding, Florida. During basic training, Coolidge made many friends and had a good relationship with everyone.

Overseas, he was assigned to Company B, 3rd Platoon. Coolidge's first battle was in the mountains near Carrara, Italy. After Coolidge's first battle in Italy, he kept moving up the mountains above Leghorn. Coolidge recalls not showering for one month.

Coolidge recalls climbing Po Valley with his gear. Besides climbing the rigorous terrain, food was scarce. Later, the 100th and 442nd were called to France for the Gothic Line because the military needed the left flank to be covered. Coolidge was attached to the 92nd Division.

When the war ended, Coolidge was in the mountains. There were no roads in the mountains. Therefore, airplanes dropped down the rations for them. Being overseas, Coolidge missed hot cook meals. He was living off of C rations and K rations.
]]> Wakai, Coolidge: narrator]]> Yee, T.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Kenichi has the utmost respect and appreciation for his father. He says his father is hardworking to provide for the family. Kenichi comes from a family of nine siblings. Kenichi discusses his childhood and his school years in Gardena.

Life changes for Kenichi and his family Kenichi after the Pearl Harbor attack. He recalls the aftermath and the announcement of Executive Order 9066 (EO9066). The Muranaga family evacuates to Santa Anita Assembly Center and then Amache, CO.

Kenichi leaves camp to work at a few jobs before getting drafted into the Army. When Kenichi is in basic training, he receives news of his oldest brother, Kiyoshi's death overseas. ]]> Muranaga, Kenichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
On the day of the evacuation, the Japanese American families living in Irvington met at the school ground and went to Tanforan on the Greyhound bus. Minoru describes the living conditions in the horse stables and assembling their straw mattress.

Minoru and his family left Tanforan after a few months, and they were sent to Topaz, Utah, by train. Arriving at Topaz, there were barbed wires and guard towers at Topaz. Minoru describes the living conditions and life in the camp. Besides attending classes, Minoru worked clearing the sagebrush.

In Topaz, a loyalty questionnaire was given to all the internees. Minoru's father did not answer questions 27 and 28 and was sent to Tule Lake. Minoru went to Tule Lake to visit his father, but he left for farming in Idaho with George and Harry. After Minoru was reclassified 1A, he was drafted into the Military. Minoru remembered leaving Topaz at night to Fort Douglas due to the Kibeis.

At Fort Douglas, Minoru took his physical exam and requested to join the Air Force. Minoru was declined for the Air Force but was accepted for the Military. Later Minoru went to Camp Shelby and was shocked by how different it is from California. After weeks of training, Minoru picked up the Hawaiian language.

Post-war, Minoru revisited Topaz, Utah, and saw a plaque with the names who served in the Military. However, many names were missing including Minoru and his brothers. There was a petition to add the missing names.





]]> Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Robert packs his bags and goes to San Francisco, CA. He reports to Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi. At Keesler, Robert is in mechanic school, with no basic training. He works as an airplane mechanic short term before he is transferred to Camp Blanding Hospital as an X-ray technician.

Robert says his friends are drafted before him and faces discrimination in the military after Pearl Harbor. He shares stories of their experiences. The following day of the Pearl Harbor attack, Robert says everyone treated him the same. He did not experience any discrimination or mistreatment like his friends.

Robert is at Camp Shelby for four weeks. He reunites with his friends from home. After four weeks, Robert receives new orders to report to the Headquarters Company part of the 442nd. He gets a one-way ticket to Camp Savage. He discusses the relationship between the Mainland soldiers and the Hawaiian soldiers.
]]> Sugimoto, Robert: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Few days after the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese Americans' status changes to 4C, enemy aliens. In addition, there are restrictions such as traveling and curfew hours.

Yoshiro recalls preparing and leaving for evacuation when President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066. The Tokiwa family goes to the Salinas Assembly Center and then to Poston, Arizona. Yoshiro says they are only allowed to bring what they can carry.

At Poston, Yoshiro works as a security guard and then in the agriculture department. In camp, all the internees are given a loyalty questionnaire. Yoshiro explains the no-no boys and deportation.

In 1944, Yoshiro is drafted. He shares his experience of being inducted and going to basic training at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Yoshiro discusses the segregation in Mississippi.

At the end of Yoshiro's military career, he is a Technician 5th Grade (Corporal level). Yoshiro is discharged from the Army in January 1947, from Camp Beale, CA.
]]> Tokiwa, Yoshiro: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
At an early age, Dan has many responsibilities beyond his years. He works in the family business and cares for his siblings. Life is a struggle, but Dan is grateful for the learning opportunities.

After the Pearl Harbor attack, the FBI takes away Dan's father to a detention center. Then evacuation orders are announced. Dan leaves the University of California, Berkeley, during his sophomore year and goes to camp with his mother. Dan and his mother go to Turlock and then Gila River. Dan's brother goes to Swarthmore College and his sister, Amy attends Boston University for a year.

Dan leaves camp to continue his education. He attends Loras College in Dubuque, Iowa. He describes his college and Berkeley years and working part-time.

In camp, Dan is given a questionnaire. He explains the answers "no-no" and "yes-yes". Dan answers "yes-yes" and that makes him eligible for being drafted. Dan receives his draft notice when he is at Loras College. ]]> Uchimoto, Dan: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Clarence and Robert discuss their experience leaving Hawaii and going to the Mainland. They arrive in Oakland, CA, and go to Mississippi. On the train ride to Mississippi, Clarence says they are ordered to black out the windows.

At Camp Shelby, they have their basic training. Clarence and Robert talk about the differences between the Hawaiian Nisei and Mainland Nisei. To understand the Mainland Nisei, the Hawaiian Nisei goes to visit the internment camps. Clarence goes to Jerome and Robert goes to Rohwer. They each share their perspectives and experience visiting the camps.

In Hattiesburg, Clarence and Robert witness segregation and shares their stories. ]]> Tamayori, Clarence: narrator
Nagata, Robert: narrator]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Clarence and Robert discuss their experience leaving Hawaii and going to the Mainland. They arrive in Oakland, CA, and go to Mississippi.
On the train ride to Mississippi, Clarence says they are ordered to black out the windows.

At Camp Shelby, they have their basic training. Clarence and Robert talk about the differences between the Hawaiian Nisei and Mainland Nisei. To understand the Mainland Nisei, the Hawaiian Nisei goes to visit the internment camps. Clarence goes to Jerome and Robert goes to Rohwer. They each share their perspectives and experience visiting the camps.

In Hattiesburg, Clarence and Robert witness segregation and shares their stories. ]]> Nagata, Robert: narrator
Tamayori, Clarence: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Social activities]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Identity and values]]> Tsuda, Rikio: narrator]]> Yoneshige, David: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 October 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Frank grows up during the Great Depression. Although money is hard to earn during the Great Depression, Frank's father buys a house for around $2,000. Asians could not own homes or property because of the Alien Land Law. After camp, Frank's sister's name is on the deed because she is an American citizen.

The Matsuda family lives in the community of Ballard in Seattle. The demographic is predominately Scandinavian. Frank remembers there are four Japanese American families plus them. Frank has many friends on 69th Street.

Frank recalls December 7 and the evacuation orders, Executive Order 9066 (EO9066). He says the Japanese Americans becomes the most hated people after Pearl Harbor. The Matsuda family goes to Puyallup and Minidoka. He describes the living conditions and provisions in camp.

Frank did not stay at Minidoka for long. He takes the opportunity to work on a sugar beet farm in Idaho. Later he goes to Salt Lake City to work at a meatpacking company and restaurant. ]]> Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Arts and literature]]> Fujikawa, Misuo John: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>
Lillian identifies with her Japanese heritage, but after the war, she realizes there is a need to emphasize being American. She recalls three individuals that show support to the Japanese American Community and her family.

Lillian and her family are sent to Puyallup and Minidoka. She describes the living conditions and life behind barb wires. At Minidoka, she meets John Matsudaira. John volunteers for service and leaves in June 1943. They stay in contact through correspondences.

Lillian leaves camp and goes to Ohio and Philadelphia to reunite with her sisters Fran and Ruby. ]]> Matsudaira, Lilian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Identity and values]]> Hagiwara, Patrick: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> Social activities]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Ota, Kenneth: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]>
After the Assembly Center, James went to Tulare, Arizona. The camp was unfinished, and there were tranches. Moreover, at the far end of the camp, barracks were uncompleted. James lived in a barrack and described the living conditions and food.

At Tulare, James worked in the hospital as an orderly. His tasks ranged from carrying the deceased to the morgue, helping the nurses with physical duties, and whatever else needs to be done. Later, the camp had a camouflage project and James worked on that. Reflecting on camp life, James said it was somewhat like a vacation. He could do anything, spent time with friends, and there were dances on the weekends.

James recalls volunteers leaving camp for the Army. He said it was sad to see the volunteers leave because they were leaving behind family and loved ones. When news about the 100th and 442nd accomplishments in Cassino was in the newspaper, James was in Des Moines, ID, and he felt proud of the Niseis. James worked at Broadlawns General Hospital in Des Moines. Later James received a draft notice.

He went to several weeks of basic training before going to Camp Blanding. During basic training, the most significant thing James learned was endurance from marching. After completing basic training, James went to Minnesota by train. When James arrived at language school, there were about 1,000 men. There were different classes and duties to keep him busy. Although James went to Japanese Language School when he was younger, he had to train himself now to read, write, and speak Japanese. There was a test every weekend.
]]> Murata, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
In September 1942, Frank was 24 years old when he arrived in Heart Mountain. In June 1943, he was waiting to join the Army, but he never received the news. Frank was classified as 4C - enemy alien. Therefore, he went to work at a peach orchard in Utah. The family dynamics changed in camp. There was no more family mealtime, and you ate by yourself or with friends.

Another division created in camp was the loyalty questionnaire. The questionnaire created a discussion among the Japanese American men to volunteer or not volunteer for service. Frank and his younger brother decided to volunteer.

On July 26, he was inducted into the Army. Frank attends a Recruit School for basic training at Camp Shelby. In his free time, he would go to Hattiesburg and visit friends. He recalls the discrimination and segregation of African Americans. Frank shared a story about a bus ride to Rohwer and the treatment of African Americans.
]]> Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Don receives an opportunity to go to Idaho to work on a sugar beet farm and eventually moves to Detriot, Michigan, for employment. In 1944, Don is drafted and goes to Fort Sharedon in Flordia to be inducted into the Army. Then he goes to basic training at Camp Blanding for 17 weeks.

In this interview, Don shares he has two high school diplomas. One from 1942 and 2014. ]]> Miyada, Don: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Rohwer]]> Kitagawa, Ben: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 February 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
After the loyalty questionnaire, Eddy left Jerome in 1943 and went to work in Davenport, IA, for six months. Before going into service, Eddy visited his parents in Rohwer, AK. His parents were transferred to Rohwer because Jerome closed in April 1944.

Later, Eddy learned about the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) and volunteers for the MIS. Eddy goes Camping Savage and then to Fort McClellan for basic training. Eddy does his basic training with the Hawaiian soldiers and goes to Camp Snelling.

Eddy goes overseas to the Pacific Theater. In the Philippines, there are 20 linguists on a team. Eddy says the Kibei are helpful with reading and writing. The Kibei are similar to the natives of Japan.
]]> Kurushima, Masato Eddy: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Tommy and his family are at Santa Anita for a few months before going to Rohwer Relocation Center. At Rohwer, there are armed guards in guard towers. Tommy tries to try to occupy his time in camp with work. He finds a job driving a truck and chopping wood.

In March 1944, Tommy leaves Rohwer for employment opportunities in Detroit, MI. Shortly after, Tommy receives his draft notice and reports to Fort Sheridan. Tommy discusses the irony of being an American citizen going to camp and now being drafted into service.

At Camp Blanding, Tommy is part of a segregated unit. Many guys from his Company go overseas to Europe, but Tommy goes to language school at Fort Snelling. Tommy's training is short because the war has ended, and they are needed overseas.

In August 1945, he travels to the Philippine Islands and works at a POW camp. Later, Tommy goes to Japan for occupation. He is stationed in downtown Yokohama and is attached to the Third Military Railway Service Headquarters. His assignment is to be an interpreter with the local rail operators.
]]> Mayekawa, Tommy: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Masato Yamashita and Lloyd Fujitani recall hearing the news about Pearl Harbor on the radio. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, anyone who is a leader of a Japanese Organization is taken away by the FBI. The FBI takes away dozen community leaders from Lodi including his cousin.

The government gives a month's notice for the Japanese Americans to evacuate to the Assembly Centers. The Yamashita family goes to the Stockton Assembly Center for three to four months. Masato describes the living conditions in the barracks at the Fair Grounds. At camp, Masato's neighborhood friend, Mackenzie, comes to visit him. The Fujitani family also goes to the Stockton Assembly Center.

At the Assembly Center, both Lloyd and Masato get jobs. Lloyd gets a job cooking, and Masato gets a job picking up trash. They are there at the Assembly Center for six months, waiting for Rohwer, AK, to finish construction.

Masato and Lloyd compare the security from the Assembly Center and Rohwer. At camp, there are sports, games, and social dances for entertainment. In 1943, Masato graduated high school and goes to Saint Louis for work. Shortly after, he is drafted into the Army. In 1945, Lloyd is drafted into the Army.

Masato and Lloyd talk about their induction and basic training experience before going overseas to the European Theater. Overseas, Masato is in the Third Platoon, First Squad, I Company. His Platoon Sergeant is George Ikeda. Lloyd is in Second Platoon, I Company. His Staff Sergeant is Shiro "Kash" Kashino.

Masato arrives in France approximately three months after the Lost Battalion battle. He is assigned to guard duty on top of a hill and describes the last push.
]]> Yamashita, Masato: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> World War II--Medical care]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons]]> Aki, Patrick: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2011 February 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Industry and employment]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Aki, Patrick: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2011 February 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--Military service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Military service--Veteran history]]>
Originally Okubo volunteers for the 442nd Regimental Combat Team but the Military already receives enough soldiers. Later Okubo volunteers again when a request is announce for Japanese Americans with the knowledge of the Japanese language. He recalls traveling to the Mainland, basic training and special training for Military Intelligence Service (MIS).]]> Okubo, Don: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 January 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--Bruyeres, Belmont, Biffontaine]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons]]> Akita, Stanley: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 October 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Rohwer]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Teragawa, Robert: narrator: Leivici, Joanne: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 June 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Rohwer]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath--Arrests, searches, and seizures]]> Fujimoto, Kiyoshi: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 April 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Heart Mountain]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> Tsukahara, Ted: narrator]]> Tagami, Steve: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 March 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Tanaka, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Oye, Tetsuya Ted: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 May 20]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Gila River]]> World War II--Leaving Camp]]> Industry and employment]]> Mizuki, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 August 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Rohwer]]> Identity and values]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]>

]]> Yukihiro, Tsutomu: narrator]]> Tanaka, Rodney: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 July 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--Discharge]]> Military service--Post-World War II service]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Living conditions]]> World War II--Department of Justice Internment Camps--Crystal City]]> Onodera, Ken: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 July 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
When Executive Order 9066 (EO9066) was announced, Sam's family prepared for evacuation and packed two duffel bags. Sam packs some clothes and toys. Sam's parents tried to sell their belongings but left a lot of possessions behind.

Sam and his family went to Puyallup Assembly Center and lived in a horse stall for three months before going to Minidoka. During the three months, Sam and his peers played games and baseball. Moreover, various jobs around the Assembly Center became available.

Sam was sent to Minidoka, ID, as part of the advance crew to help with the setup of Minidoka. Before arriving at Minidoka, there was a guard tower and barracks built. Sam and the advance crew placed the barbed wire around the camp. The barracks had no insulation, and the room got cold in the winter. In addition, the barracks have limited privacy.

Minidoka was set up by block, and each block had a mess hall, laundry room, and communal shower rooms for the internees. The lifestyle at camp changed the family dynamic. Sam discusses the shift in authority his father had over the family.

Many Issei tried to have churches come to camp to unify the family. After a year, churches were able to come. Sam recalls Reverend Anderson and his devotion to the Japanese Americans at Minidoka. Reverend Anderson and his family move to Twin Falls to be near Minidoka.



]]> Saito, Isamu: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Granada (Amache) Amache, Colorado]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]>
Hirose recalls going to Santa Anita Temporary Detention Center and then to Tule Lake Concentration Center. Before forced removal, Hirose's Father would help others in need. In camp and after camp Hirose experiences the gratitude of those his Father help. ]]> Hirose, Mutsuo: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 May 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Arts and literature]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Saiki, Charles: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> UPS: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 March 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hilo, Hawaii]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Teramura, Yasu: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 February ]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Ontario, Oregon ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Gila River]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> ]]> Shinmoto, Minoru: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 January 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>
James recalls the day of the bombing of Pearl harbor. He says it is regular business at the Kobayashi's family restaurant. However, the following days after, business slowed down. In San Bernardino, there are not many effects on Japanese Americans because not a lot of Japanese Americans lived in the area. Many of the Japanese farmers moved to Coachella and Riverside because the farming soil is better.

The bombing of Pearl harbor created restrictions such as a curfew and a notice of evacuation for Japanese Americans. The Kobayashi family sells their restaurant and temporarily lives at the Japanese Church before evacuation.

James describes arriving at Poston, Arizona, and living conditions. James is at Poston for a year for going to Utah and Chicago for work. In Chicago, he receives his draft notice and beings his Army life. ]]> Kobayashi, James: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
On February 19, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 and Yoshio's family goes to Manzanar. All the Japanese American soldiers in the outfit are taken out and placed in a segregated unit. Yoshio recalls orders to dig trenches for other Military Personnel. Later the outfit is sent to serval places in the Midwest. Yoshio goes to Fort Custer, Michigan. Other Japanese American soldiers go to Camp Sheridan.

During Yoshio's service, he is transferred to many places, and it is difficult for his family to keep track and correspond. When possible, Yoshio visits his family a few times in Manzanar. He describes the camp and the living conditions of his family.

At Fort Custer, Yoshio is assigned to the Military Police (MP) and later works at the hospital as an orderly. Later, Yoshio received orders to go to Camp Savage. At Camp Savage, he is assigned to Headquarters Company doing clerical work. Besides clerical work, Yoshio recalls being tasked with coal-burning in the evening time.
]]> Izumi, Yoshio: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Toyota: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Teraoka, Moriso: narrator]]> Hanami, Ren: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 October 08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath--Decision to incarcerate]]> Wada, Frank: narrator]]> Hanami, Ren: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Gila River]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> Suzuki, George: narrator]]> Tanaka, Rodney: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 July 31]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Santa Anna, California ]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Fort Snelling]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Umeda, Ben: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 June 13]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Marina, California ]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pinedale]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Tule Lake]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Sakamoto, Sam: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 June 12]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Marina, California ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Granada (Amache) Amache, Colorado]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]>
Due to Watada Father's criticism, he tends to be quiet and takes after his Mother's characteristics. At camp and in service is where Watada becomes more outgoing. When Pearl Harbor is attacked on December 7, 1941, Watada recalls the feelings of disbelief.

When executive Order 9066 is announce, there is a short amount of time for evacuation. Watada's Family sells most of their belongs and stores what they can at the church. The Watada family goes the Santa Anita Assembly Center and he describes the living conditions. After a one month at Santa Anita, the Watada Family goes to Idaho Falls to work on a sugar beet farm.

In 1942 the family goes to Amache. Watada recalls the weather being hot and the camp is surrounded by fence with armed guards in towers. The living space are divided into four units in each barrack. ]]> Watada, Richard: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 May 02]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Alameda, California ]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Hashisaka, Norman: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 September 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--522nd Field Artillery Battalion]]> Ichiuji, Joseph: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Ikari, Norman: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Arlington, Virginia ]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--Recruiting and enlisting]]> Identity and values]]> Yokote, Shigeo: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 March 20]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Rancho Cordova, California ]]> Education]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Gila River]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Yano, Robert: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 March 06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Fresno, California ]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Schofield Barracks]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> Tahara, Nash: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 February 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--Recruiting and enlisting]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Military service]]> Kimura, Robert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 April 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Topaz (Central Utah)]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Tanforan]]> World War II--Evacuation of civilians]]> Kimura, Robert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 April 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Japan--Pre-World War II]]> Social activities]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Ikuta, Nobo: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 November 23 ]]> eng ]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Merced]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Granada (Amache) Amache, Colorado]]> Education]]> Taniguchi, Howard: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 May 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Merced, California ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Heart Mountain]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pomona]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Konno, Jimmy: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 May 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> New York City, New York]]>
At Tule Lake, George remembered the barbed wires around the parameter, barracks, and guards in the guard towers. George was at Tule Lake for a few months before reporting to Camp Savage for Military Intelligence Service Language School. George learned interrogation, translation, and interpretation in Japanese.

During the Pacific Theater, one of his worst memory for him was seeing dead bodies. George recalls trying to save Japanese civilians and soldiers. For his accomplishments in Saipan, George was awarded the Bronze Star. He could not talk about his war experience previously because of the effects it had on him.

After George's service in Saipan, he went to Honolulu for a rest period. He spent his time attending USO events and corresponding with his wife. George shared a story of how he sent a proposal letter and engagement ring to her. He also mentioned learning about the passing of Frank Hachiya.

Besides Saipan, George went to Marshall Island. Marshall Island was George's first operation with the 7th Division. For his accomplishment in deciphering the hydrographic map, George received a letter of accommodation.

When George learned the war had ended, he was happy. George felt he was lucky to serve in two campaigns in the Pacific Theater. He credited the men who served in China, Burma, and India for doing a great job.
]]> Matsui, George: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Race--Racism]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Tule Lake]]> Nakawatase, Roy: Narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: Interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: Publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003-01-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California]]>