Enoch's brother Jimmy was already in the Army when Enoch and the rest of the family went to the Assembly Center. Enoch and his family stayed at the Assembly Center for several months before relocating to Minidoka. At Minidoka, there were guard towers with guards. Enoch said Minidoka was similar to a prison camp.

Later the Kanaya family members left their separate ways. Ruby got married, and Enoch's parents went to Chicago for work. Enoch received his draft notice and completed his basic training at Camp Blanding, Florida. At Camp Blanding, Enoch was assigned to F Company, 2nd Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team.

After basic training as a replacement, Enoch traveled overseas on the RMS Aquitania. He landed in Scotland and traveled to France. In France, the 442nd replacements were tasked to protect the alps from the Germans. The German soldiers were defending this area, and the serval division tried to penetrate the line with no success. Enoch described his experience breaking the Gothic Line.

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Kanaya, Enoch; narrator]]> Yamagami, Don; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006-06-25]]> Oral Histories]]>

There are four members in Gary's family since his mother remarries. Gary describes the barrack structure and living conditions. Gary says it is easy to make friends at camp but going to different mess halls to eat. The structure of the mess halls at the assembly center changes the family dynamic doing meal times. Before camp, Japanese American families would eat together. Now the children look for their peers to eat with them. In addition, the parents are finding jobs in camp to earn extra money.

After a few months at Stockton Assembly Center, Gary and his family go to Rohwer, AK. The trip takes four days, and there are no showers amenities. In Rohwer, there are approximately 9,500 Japanese Americans. Gary says they arrive at Rohwer in October and the Issei parents organize a schooling system for the children.

Gary is a junior in high school, and there are approximately 170 students. He meets different peers from Washington and various parts of California. Before the war, Gary recalls his mother telling him that he is born and raised in the United States. America is his homeland. His mother also instills in him the attitude of shikata ga nai and do not make waves.]]>
Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

In January of 1932, Gary's mother takes the children to Japan to plan their future arrangements with the family elders. Gary describes Japanese customs and how some of his siblings were raised in Japan by relatives. Gary and his older brother return to the United States and grows up in Lodi, CA, a farming community.

Gary discusses his school years from elementary school to high school. In his free time, he likes playing baseball and watching movies. On Sundays, Gary attends Buddhist Church and Sunday School.

When Pearl Harbor is attacked, Gary recalls the aftermath of the evacuation. As an American citizen, he never imagined he would be evacuated to camp. ]]>
Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Manzanar]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Jerome]]> Herzig-Yoshinaga, Aiko: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 March 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrence, California ]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Australia (Allied Translator and Interpreter Section)]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --New Guinea Campaign]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Yamamoto, Steve: narrator ]]> Furuya, Kenny: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 November 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Gardena, California ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Food]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Housing--Barracks]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Heart Mountain]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Manzanar]]> Kunitomi, Yoshisuke Jack: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-04-21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Counter Intelligence Corps Linguists]]> Identity and values--Nisei]]> Saiki, Barry: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 May 06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Sacramento, California]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Industry and employment--Hotel industry]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Rohwer]]> Saiki, Barry: narrator]]> Swee, Roger: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005-05-01]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Rancho Cordova, California]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Topaz (Central Utah)]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Tanforan]]> Murakami, Mary Tamaki: narrator]]> Horsting, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Virginia ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Nishijima, Kadsuo: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 August 13]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Salt Lake City, Utah]]>
Taira gets ready to go overseas but is delayed by a measles outbreak. Traveling overseas in the Atlantic Ocean is rough. When he lands in France, the 442nd has gone to Italy. He goes to Leghorn to catch up with the 442nd.

He arrives in Italy to meet with the 442nd. Before going overseas, Taira received training as a rifleman but now is assigned as 3rd Battalion Medic, Company M. As a medic, the Tech Sergeant takes Taira under his guidance. Taira says the are some advantages to being under his position. Taira is treated well as a medic.

In Italy, Taira's first battle is the Gothic Line. When Taira is in the frontline, the hardest part for him is to let go of the idea do not mess up. His cultural value and his father's words stick with him. When the war ends, Taira returns to the 3rd Battalion in Pisa.

During the occupation, Taira goes to Switzerland for his rest period. Taira says the locals are friendly and recalls some of their nice gestures. Taira discusses the black market.

In October 1946, Taira is discharged, and he goes to Richton. With the GI Bill, Taira attends Drake University and then the University of Utah. He studies bacteriology. In 1951, Taira graduates from the University of Utah. He finds a job in a lab part-time while going to graduate school.

Taira's marries Nobuko Okumura and have a son together. After his parents lose their job at Seabrook Farm, they come live with Taira and Nobuko.

Taira hopes the treatment of the Japanese Americans will not happen to anyone else. He says the Japanese American situation is how you see it. The Japanese Americans did not have civil rights. As times are changing and the opportunities for the next generation are getting better.

Taira briefly talks about Ken Uchida and narrates a few photos from the evacuation.


]]>
Fukushima, Taira: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

As a youth, Taira is aware of world events from the LA Times. He reads about land leasing and the war overseas. However, Taira thinks poverty is more important news in those days. On December 7, Taira is playing football with the Japanese American kids. He recalls Charlie Chaplin is filming the movie The Great Dictator across the street.

The following day after the Pearl Harbor attack, Taira goes to school on the bus. The school has an assembly and shows support for the Japanese Americans. He discusses the treatment after December 7, and he does not realize the severity of the situation until the evacuation.

Besides evacuation, there are curfew hours. Taira says he only goes to school and straight comes home. Moreover, He recalls neighbors coming and taking the plants from the front yard and asking low prices for their belongings.

Taira believes his family is the first to go to camp because his relatives volunteer to help build Manzanar. Taira's brother loses his job after Pearl Harbor and decides to help with the construction of Manzanar.

Taira describes the living condition at Manzanar. Briefly, He leaves camp to work on a farm in Idaho and attends Idaho Falls High School. However, working and going to school is tough. He returns to Manzanar and finishes high school in the camp. He studies journalism and is the senior editor.

In camp, Taira answers the loyalty questionnaire and explains the different possibilities of answering the questionnaire. In 1944, he is drafted into the Army with his brother Jim. Taira and Jim, go to Fort Douglas, and the other Nisei go to Camp Blanding or Camp Hood.

Camp Hood is for the anti-tank unit. However, Taira is a rife replacement for the 442nd. Taira is assigned to Company A 140th Battalion, and their unit is known as the Flying A. He describes life in basic training. His training is cut from 18 weeks to 16 weeks due to the Battle of Bulge.
]]>
Fukushima, Taira: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Salinas]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> Matsuda, Irvin: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008-07-08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Watsonville, California]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Granada (Amache) Amache, Colorado]]> World War II--Draft resisters]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Yenokida, Susumu: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 July 06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Colorado, Denver]]>
In 1938, Harold graduates high school and goes to the University of Washington for two years. Harold recalls the attack on Pearl Harbor. His brother, Masanori, is still in Japan studying abroad. However, Masanori makes it back to the United States on the last ship to Seattle. Harold discusses the effects of Pearl Harbor and the family's grocery store.

When evacuation orders are announced, Harold and his family go to Puyallup and then to Minidoka. He describes the living conditions at the camp. The Army is asking for volunteers for the 442nd. However, Harold is not accepted. Then after three months at Minidoka, Harold goes to harvest crops in Twin Falls. In Twin Falls, Harold and Edith get married.

In Denver, Harold receives his draft notice from the Army. June of 1944, Harold is inducted at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes to Camp Shelby for basic training.]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Tule Lake]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pinedale]]> Yoshida, Fusae: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 July 05]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Denver, Colorado ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> Yamamoto, Jun: narrator]]> Tsukiyama, Ted: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 June 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Kuida, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Sueki, Lisa: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 June 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Gila River]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Philippine Islands]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Identity and values]]> Fujimoto, Fred: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 March 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Elk Grove, California ]]>
Ray attended Coronado High School and got good grades. He credits his education in Japan for doing well in high school. In addition to Ray's academic studies, he was elected student body treasurer and ran track. Ray was popular with his peers and had many friends.

On December 7, 1941, Ray's life changed when Pearl Harbor was attacked. Many of Ray's friends treated him differently at school, and Ray was forcibly removed to Santa Anita Assembly Center and then to Poston, AZ.

Ray relocated alone because his father was in Crystal City, Texas, and his older brother volunteered for the Army in 1942. Life in the camp was tough, and Ray had to care for himself.

Ray graduated from high school in the camp and left Poston to work in Chicago, IL. Soon after, he found a better job working as a bookkeeper. Ray saved enough money to attend the University of Minnesota, and when his finances ran low, he volunteered for the Army.

Ray started his career as an auditor working in Japan at the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) during the occupation. Next, he was a translator in Tokyo civil service and Okinawa civil service. Ray's second time in Japan was with the Air Force Audit Agency and working around Asia. When Ray retired, Northrop offered him a job and traveled to Korea, Saudi Arabia, and various states in the United States for auditing.

In Ray's retirement years, he enjoys playing golf and going on cruises. Ray has been married to the love of his life for 57 years and has three children and three grandchildren. Ray hopes his grandchildren have a good education and a job they enjoy. For the future of America, he hopes there are no more wars.]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Philippine Islands]]> Minato, Howard: narrator]]> Shigemitsu, Laura: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 November 06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Heart Mountain]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> Konoshima, Akio: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 July 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bethesda, Maryland ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Fort Snelling]]> Hayashi, Shigeru: narrator]]> Sameshima, Hitoshi: narrator]]> Kunitomo, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 10]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> California ]]>
Seiichi and his family go to Pomona Fair Grounds then to Heart Mountain. Chiye and her in-laws arrive at Heart Mountain a month later. During this time, Henry and Joe are at Fort Sheridan. Henry is assigned to the mortar pool company. Henry's family is at Santa Anita and then goes to Amache, Co.

Chiye and Seiichi recount camp life at Heart Mountain and the living conditions. Henry describes the effects of Pearl Harbor on the Japanese Americans in service.
]]>
Watanabe, Chiye: narrator]]> Hayashi, Henry: narrator]]> Nakawatase, Seiichi]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Jumpei grows up in Montebello and helps his father with farming. Jumpei's favorite sport is baseball. He has one sister, Chizuko, and one brother, Kay.

Jumpei discusses his school years from attending Laguna Elementary School in Montebello, high school, and Japanese Language School. His favorite activity at school is sports, especially baseball. During his free time, he rides his bike, goes hiking, and participates in Boy Scouts. On Sundays, he attends Christian Church in Montebello.

In 1939, he graduated high school and continued to help his father with farming. Jumpei recalls the Pearl Harbor aftermath. Jumpei's family goes to Santa Anita Assembly Center when evacuation orders are announced. After six months, Jumpei goes to Detroit, MI, for work, and then he is drafted into the Army.

After basic training, Jumpei goes overseas to Europe. He is assigned to Company D, Heavy Weapons. He shares a story of how his Squad Leader keeps the unit safe from the German soldiers.

When the war ends, Jumpei stays in Italy for three months before returning back to the United States. He goes to Chicago to reunite with his parents. Post-war, Jumpei looks for mechanic work.





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Mine, Jumpei: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Fujimoto, Fumio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> World War II--Military service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Onoda, Bright: narrator]]> Onoda, Sam]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Glenview, Illinois]]>
In Ridley, Frank and his parents work on a peach farm until they receive evacuation orders. Previously, Frank grows up with mainly Caucasian people. After moving to Ridley, a farming community, and Poston, Frank discusses the culture shock.

Frank and his parents go to Poston, Camp 3, and he recounts the living conditions. At Poston, Frank continues his education, and his parents find jobs within the camp. Frank recalls his mother's family are relocated to Gila River.

In June of 1943, Frank and his parents leave Poston. Frank finishes high School and gets a job analyzing paint. In January of 1945, Frank receives his draft notice and starts his military career. ]]>
Hiratsuka, Frank: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Social activities--Sports]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> Identity and values]]> Miyahara, Maki: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pomona]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Miyahara, Maki: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Mass Removal ("Evacuation")]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Tule Lake]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pinedale]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Maeda, Kay: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 12]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Ontario, Oregon ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Loyalty Questionnaire]]> World War II--Military recruitment]]> Ouchi, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
James' father, Bukichi, was the boss of the family and a respected leader in the Troutdale Gresham Community. James' mother, Yoshino, was a hardworking and dedicated mother to ten children. She made sure the children respected and listened to their father.

James discusses the hierarchy in their family. Besides James' mother caring for the children, James' sisters took care of them too. James recalls his first childhood home was small, but later they moved to a bigger house on a farm.

All the children attended English school and Japanese school. James and his siblings were born with Japanese names. However, they received English names from their teachers because they could not pronounce their Japanese.

Growing up in the Troutdale area, the Japanese American community was close-knit and active. The Buddhist temple was a gathering place for church services and social gatherings. At least once a month, there was a social event for the community.
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Fujii, James: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

When Fort Snelling disbanded, the soldiers transfer to Presidio, Monterey. At Presidio, Ray remains with F Company and has the same duties at Fort Snelling. On some occasions, he visits San Francisco.

The war ends, and Ray discusses his thought on the atomic bomb dropping in Japan. After being discharged from the Army, Ray does not reenlist.

Post-war, Ray becomes an independent farmer with his brother, Tan. Also, Ray marries Mary Muramatsu and has three children. Ray describes photographs of his family and sports team. Ray values and appreciates his family and friends. He says he is grateful for the opportunity to make an oral history and share his war and camp experiences with future generations.
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Shiiki, Ray: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

When evacuation orders are announced, Ray and his family go to the assembly center and then to Minidoka. Ray describes the living conditions and job opportunities.

In camp, Ray plays baseball and makes several friends. Ray values the friendships he developed and maintains in contact with his friends. Ray recalls the loyalty questionnaire and says he is proud to be an American.

When Ray is drafted into the Army, he goes to Camp Hood and then to Fort Snelling. On furlough, he experiences discrimination and shares his feelings of being called a "Jap."

Post-war, Ray and his brother go into farming. Ray says Bob Wilson, Don Schneider, and Carl Graff are influential to his success in the farming industry. In 1990, Ray retired from farming and started herb gardening with his wife and son until 2000.
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Shiiki, Ray: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Ray emphasizes the value of family and friendship. He says relationships are important to him. During his school years, he recalls influential teachers and friends that impacted his life.

When Ray is in the seventh grade, he travels to Japan with his mother to visit his ill grandmother. Ray is gone for several months. However, he can catch up with his school assignments. Besides primary school, Ray attends Japanese Language School.

Ray recalls December 7 and going to the assembly center. Ray's family tries to stay together as long as they can. However, they go their separate ways. Ray is drafted and goes to Camp Hood and Fort Snelling. ]]>
Shiiki, Ray: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Japanese Americans--World War II]]> Identity and values--Nisei]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Azumano, George: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008-09-09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon]]>
When Edward Fujii receives his draft notice, he reports to Fort Dix, Utah, for his induction into the Army and then goes to Camp Fannin, TX, for basic training.

After basic training, Edward goes to Fort Snelling, MN, for Military Intelligence Service Language School. He spends six months at the language school. However, he spends most of his time as a truck driver.

At Camp Campbell, Edward is assigned to the Third Infantry Division, Signal Corps Company. He receives training in morse code and is a radio operator. During WWII, Edward's brothers are also serving in the military.

In November 1946, Edward is discharged from the Army. Post-war, Edward is active with the Nisei Veterans Club for 30 years. Edward is married to Aya Iwasaki, and they have three children and two grandchildren.

At the end of the interview, Aya discusses her camp and war experience. She shares advice on marriage and a message for future generations.
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Fujii, Edward: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

The Fujii family lives in a farming community, and the family all works on the farm. Edward and his siblings attend Troutdale Grade School and Gresham High School.

On December 7, Edward and his family are working on the farm when they hear the news about Pearl Harbor. Edward discusses the aftermath of Pearl Harbor.

The Fujii family goes to the assembly center and later is relocated to Nyssa, OR. When Edward and his family return to Troutdale, he receives his draft notice from the Army.


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Fujii, Edward: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

After Coolidge's father passed away, the family moved to Honolulu. His mother worked hard to support the family. At age fifteen, Coolidge went to the mainland for higher education. He settled in California and found a job as a houseboy. Coolidge attended Berkeley High School.

On December 7, Coolidge attended church and learned the news when he went home. Coolidge did not feel any discrimination when he moved to the mainland. His employer and classmates at high school treated him fairly. The following day after Pearl Harbor, Coolidge went to school. He continued to focus on his educational goals.

When Executive Order 9066 was signed, Coolidge and his brother reported to Tanforan. After three to fourth months in Tanforan, Coolidge was sponsored to leave the camp to go to New York. In 1944 Coolidge graduated high school in New York and applied for college. He attended Grinnell College in Iowa with financial assistance from scholarships and a family from Kauai. After his first year of college, Coolidge was drafted into the military.

Coolidge was inducted at Fort Sheridan and shipped to Camp Blanding, Florida. During basic training, Coolidge made many friends and had a good relationship with everyone.

Overseas, he was assigned to Company B, 3rd Platoon. Coolidge's first battle was in the mountains near Carrara, Italy. After Coolidge's first battle in Italy, he kept moving up the mountains above Leghorn. Coolidge recalls not showering for one month.

Coolidge recalls climbing Po Valley with his gear. Besides climbing the rigorous terrain, food was scarce. Later, the 100th and 442nd were called to France for the Gothic Line because the military needed the left flank to be covered. Coolidge was attached to the 92nd Division.

When the war ended, Coolidge was in the mountains. There were no roads in the mountains. Therefore, airplanes dropped down the rations for them. Being overseas, Coolidge missed hot cook meals. He was living off of C rations and K rations.
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Wakai, Coolidge: narrator]]> Yee, T.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]> Identity and values--Nisei]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Shima, Terry T.: narrator]]> Horsting, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Washington, D.C.]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Tokunaga, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Hamanaka, Joseph Ushio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Tule Lake]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pinedale]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> Mano, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japan]]> Child rearing]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Mano, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Tule Lake]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pinedale]]> Murumoto, Kimitomo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]>
In 1944, Kiyoshi volunteers for the 442nd. Kenichi and Yoshiro also want to volunteer, but Kiyoshi says one person from their family is enough. Their mother agrees.

At Amache, a loyalty questionnaire is given to the internees. Kenichi explains his thoughts on the questions and what is a no-no boy. Although, Santa Anita and Amache's security is almost the same. Kenchi says you can leave Amache to go to work. Sometimes Kenichi goes to the nearest city Granada for entertainment.

In camp, Kenichi receives his draft notice and reports to Fort Logan for induction. After, he goes to Camp Blanding for his basic training. While in basic training, Kenichi gets news of his brother Kiyoshi's death. Kenichi returns to Amache for the funeral service.

When Kenichi goes overseas, he understands what war is. He sees causalities first hand. He describes Champagne Campaign, Bruyeres, and the Gothic Line. At the end of the war, Kenichi has a chance to join the Military Intelligence Service (MIS). However, he decides to return to the States and get married.

Post-war, Kenichi marries Yoshiko, and they have been married for 60 years. He works a few jobs before owning seven laundromats.
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Muranaga, Kenichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

On the day of the evacuation, the Japanese American families living in Irvington met at the school ground and went to Tanforan on the Greyhound bus. Minoru describes the living conditions in the horse stables and assembling their straw mattress.

Minoru and his family left Tanforan after a few months, and they were sent to Topaz, Utah, by train. Arriving at Topaz, there were barbed wires and guard towers at Topaz. Minoru describes the living conditions and life in the camp. Besides attending classes, Minoru worked clearing the sagebrush.

In Topaz, a loyalty questionnaire was given to all the internees. Minoru's father did not answer questions 27 and 28 and was sent to Tule Lake. Minoru went to Tule Lake to visit his father, but he left for farming in Idaho with George and Harry. After Minoru was reclassified 1A, he was drafted into the Military. Minoru remembered leaving Topaz at night to Fort Douglas due to the Kibeis.

At Fort Douglas, Minoru took his physical exam and requested to join the Air Force. Minoru was declined for the Air Force but was accepted for the Military. Later Minoru went to Camp Shelby and was shocked by how different it is from California. After weeks of training, Minoru picked up the Hawaiian language.

Post-war, Minoru revisited Topaz, Utah, and saw a plaque with the names who served in the Military. However, many names were missing including Minoru and his brothers. There was a petition to add the missing names.





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Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Minoru and his siblings helped their father on the farm before and after school. Minoru attended Warm Springs Grammar School and then Washington High School. In addition to attending primary school, he attended Japanese Language School.

When the Miyasaki family was not farming, they would travel around the Bay Area to visit relatives, do Japanese grocery shopping, celebrate festivals, and saw Japanese films.

On December 7, Minoru was at home when he heard the news about Pearl Harbor on the radio. The following day at school, all the Japanese American students were sent home from school and were told to stay home until the war ended. Later, the government issued restrictions such as blackouts, curfew, and travel restrictions.

In pre-war times, Minoru recalled discrimination. His father could not vote and own land. Also, Asians were not allowed to swim in public swimming pools or live in certain neighborhoods. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Minoru and his family evacuated to Tanofran and Topaz, Utah. Minoru graduated High school in Topaz.]]>
Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Robert packs his bags and goes to San Francisco, CA. He reports to Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi. At Keesler, Robert is in mechanic school, with no basic training. He works as an airplane mechanic short term before he is transferred to Camp Blanding Hospital as an X-ray technician.

Robert says his friends are drafted before him and faces discrimination in the military after Pearl Harbor. He shares stories of their experiences. The following day of the Pearl Harbor attack, Robert says everyone treated him the same. He did not experience any discrimination or mistreatment like his friends.

Robert is at Camp Shelby for four weeks. He reunites with his friends from home. After four weeks, Robert receives new orders to report to the Headquarters Company part of the 442nd. He gets a one-way ticket to Camp Savage. He discusses the relationship between the Mainland soldiers and the Hawaiian soldiers.
]]>
Sugimoto, Robert: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Few days after the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese Americans' status changes to 4C, enemy aliens. In addition, there are restrictions such as traveling and curfew hours.

Yoshiro recalls preparing and leaving for evacuation when President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066. The Tokiwa family goes to the Salinas Assembly Center and then to Poston, Arizona. Yoshiro says they are only allowed to bring what they can carry.

At Poston, Yoshiro works as a security guard and then in the agriculture department. In camp, all the internees are given a loyalty questionnaire. Yoshiro explains the no-no boys and deportation.

In 1944, Yoshiro is drafted. He shares his experience of being inducted and going to basic training at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Yoshiro discusses the segregation in Mississippi.

At the end of Yoshiro's military career, he is a Technician 5th Grade (Corporal level). Yoshiro is discharged from the Army in January 1947, from Camp Beale, CA.
]]>
Tokiwa, Yoshiro: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

At an early age, Dan has many responsibilities beyond his years. He works in the family business and cares for his siblings. Life is a struggle, but Dan is grateful for the learning opportunities.

After the Pearl Harbor attack, the FBI takes away Dan's father to a detention center. Then evacuation orders are announced. Dan leaves the University of California, Berkeley, during his sophomore year and goes to camp with his mother. Dan and his mother go to Turlock and then Gila River. Dan's brother goes to Swarthmore College and his sister, Amy attends Boston University for a year.

Dan leaves camp to continue his education. He attends Loras College in Dubuque, Iowa. He describes his college and Berkeley years and working part-time.

In camp, Dan is given a questionnaire. He explains the answers "no-no" and "yes-yes". Dan answers "yes-yes" and that makes him eligible for being drafted. Dan receives his draft notice when he is at Loras College. ]]>
Uchimoto, Dan: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Ko discusses the media reports following days after the Pearl Harbor attack. He says the media exaggerated the news to instill fear. However, Ko and his family continue with daily life as normal. The customers at Ko's parents' produce market show sympathy and concern towards the Sameshima family. Ko says there are no signs of discrimination.

When Executive Order 9066 (EO9066) is announced, Ko's parents and himself have separate struggles they face. Ko's parents go to Amache, Colorado, and Ko tries to transfer to a University on the East Coast. On the East Coast, Ko witnesses segregation and shares his sentiments.

Ko graduates from the University of Texas and is reclassified from 4C to 1A. Before being drafted for service, Ko volunteers to be an internee at Amache, to care for his parents. Ko recalls his experience at Camp Snelling and Military Intelligence Language School.

In 1945, the war ends, and Ko is commissioned to go to Manila, Philippines, for war crime trials and then to Tokyo, Japan, for occupation. Ko's parents leave Amache and move to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ]]>
Sameshima, Ko Stanley: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

After the Pearl Harbor attack, there are some restrictions in place. One of them being curfew time. Leo's basketball coach has to get a permit for Leo to be out past curfew to participate in the basketball game. Later, President Truman signs Executive Order 9066 placing thousands of Japanese Americans into camp. Leo discusses the effects of EO9066 and his family in Salinas, California. Leo's family farm also is searched by the FBI.

Before volunteering for service, Leo attends Northern Montana College for a year. The Morishita family is proud of Kenzo, Leo, and Yukata for joining the Army. The Morishita brothers are inducted at Fort Douglas, Utah. Leo does don't leave at the same time with his brothers because of his feet. Leo joins Kenzo and Yutaka six weeks later at Camp Shelby.

At Camp Shelby, Leo does nine months of basic training, He describes the different training he learns and the discrimination in the South. Even though there is discrimination, there is one kind person Leo meets. He shares his story about Earl Finch and his acts of kindness towards the Nisei.

Overseas, Leo lands in Naples, Italy, and learns there is a need for riflemen. He is no longer a medic. Leo is given a browning automatic rifle.]]>
Morishita, Leo: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]>
In Toyota's early years he recalls discrimination. As a child he would swim in irrigation rivers because Japanese Americans are not allowed to swim in the public pools. He also recollects his oldest brother born in Japan is not allow to immigrate to the United States due to the Immigration Law in 1924.

In 1940, the Peace Time Draft is in effect and the first ten numbers are to enlist for service. Toyota is the third number to be called by President Roosevelt. Toyota remembers the Japanese American Community providing a big send for the Nisei. The first ten drafts are Nisei and they go to Fort Ord. Toyota is assign to 7th Division; Mechanized Calvary Unit and drives an armor scout car four wheel drive fully armor with machine gun.

When Pearl Harbor is attack, Toyota is in service and recalls hearing about the attack during a basketball tournament. Part of his duty during the war is to scout up and down the Pacific Coast for Japanese submarine. Later The Japanese American soldiers' guns are taken away and ship to Michigan.

Simultaneous at this time when Toyota is getting ready to be ship, his family is getting ready for evacuation to Salinas. From the stress of events, Toyota's Mother has a stroke. His family is later related to Poston. He is unable to see his Mother years later.



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Toyota, Kameo: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Fresno, California ]]>

Clarence and Robert discuss their experience leaving Hawaii and going to the Mainland. They arrive in Oakland, CA, and go to Mississippi. On the train ride to Mississippi, Clarence says they are ordered to black out the windows.

At Camp Shelby, they have their basic training. Clarence and Robert talk about the differences between the Hawaiian Nisei and Mainland Nisei. To understand the Mainland Nisei, the Hawaiian Nisei goes to visit the internment camps. Clarence goes to Jerome and Robert goes to Rohwer. They each share their perspectives and experience visiting the camps.

In Hattiesburg, Clarence and Robert witness segregation and shares their stories. ]]>
Tamayori, Clarence: narrator
Nagata, Robert: narrator]]>
Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Clarence and Robert discuss their experience leaving Hawaii and going to the Mainland. They arrive in Oakland, CA, and go to Mississippi.
On the train ride to Mississippi, Clarence says they are ordered to black out the windows.

At Camp Shelby, they have their basic training. Clarence and Robert talk about the differences between the Hawaiian Nisei and Mainland Nisei. To understand the Mainland Nisei, the Hawaiian Nisei goes to visit the internment camps. Clarence goes to Jerome and Robert goes to Rohwer. They each share their perspectives and experience visiting the camps.

In Hattiesburg, Clarence and Robert witness segregation and shares their stories. ]]>
Nagata, Robert: narrator
Tamayori, Clarence: narrator]]>
Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Salinas]]> Omoto, William: narrator]]> Yoneshige, David: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 October 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Granada (Amache) Amache, Colorado]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> Matsui, Yeiki: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 October 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]>
In 1980, Paul is invited to come to Washington DC and is hired as Executive Director of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC). Paul hires Nisei staff members to help him. One of the tasks of Paul's job is to have hearings throughout the different places of the United States. He asks several Japanese American organizations, one of them is the Japanese American Citizens League, to help gather Japanese Americans to share their experience about evacuation.

Paul has hearings across the United States which leads to the report. He explains why his name is not on the report because he is an evacuee and spends time at Manzanar. Therefore, an attorney is hired to write the report. With the report, the Congressional Senate, and Congress, Paul can subpoena anyone he wants. Paul wants to subpoena the people who made the decisions for evacuation, such as General DeWitt.

After Congress reads the report, Congress recommends reparations be given, and the head of the Government would officially apologize. Later, President Reagan asks Paul to stay to run the Veterans Administration. Pauls knows a lot about veterans and the help they need from his wartime experiences. When Paul retires, he recalls President Reagan giving him a customize belt buckle.

Paul stays busy during his retirement volunteering at the Veterans and Foreign War and Disable American Veterans. He says it is important to help others. Pauls discusses the morals and values passed on to him by his Issei parents, and he passes the same teachings to his children. Paul has three children and five grandchildren.

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Bannai, Paul: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

On December 7, Paul hears about the Pearl Harbor attack, and he reports to the Elective Service Board in Exposition Park. Before December 7, Japanese Americans are classified as 1A. However, after Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans are classified 4C.

Due to the 4C classification, Japanese Americans cannot serve. Paul and a few others from the Japanese American Citizen League (JACL) write a letter expressing their rights as citizens. As a result, the Japanese American classification is changed, and Paul volunteers for the military.

When evacuation orders are announced, Paul's family goes to Manzanar first. Paul delays his evacuation to continue his work at the bank. Later, Paul joins his family at Manzanar briefly before going to Idaho for farming. Through the Quaker's Program, Paul applies for college and goes to Drake University, IA.

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Bannai, Paul: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

After Frank's service in the Army 442nd Regimental Combat Team, K Company, He moves to Chicago to be near his sister and school. Frank gets married to Yuri L. Satow Matsuda. They have three children and three grandchildren. Eventually Frank moves back to Seattle because his father is ill.

Frank feels the situation is improving for the next generations after the war. Frank is proud of his kids and grandchildren. He wishes they do their best, be happy and healthy. ]]>
Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank discusses the treatment of African Americans in Mississippi. Frank shares some experiences he sees in Hattiesburg regarding segregation. The people in Hattiesburg are indifferent to the Japanese Americans in the South.

At Camp Shelby, there are mainland and Hawaiian soldiers. Frank addresses the division between the mainlanders and Hawaiian. There are talks of disbandment of the Japanese American unit and Frank explains how the issue is resolved.

Frank goes overseas to Europe. His first artillery fire happens north of Rome and he sees a dead body for the first time. This is a moment he cannot forget. The day after the Last Battalion, Frank encounters a mortar barrage (Vosges Mountain) and is hit in four places on his body. James Okubo (medic) helps him, and Frank wakes up in the hospital.

After being wounded, Frank is on limited service and works in the mortar pool unit. Frank hears the 442nd is going back to Italy and asks his Captain if he can go back with the outfit. Frank receives approval and is assigned back to K Company.

Frank did not interact with civilians much because he is in battle. Frank recalls the civilians knowing the war is over before he did. Frank returns to the United States after a month or two when the war ends. He is discharged at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes back to Seattle, Washington. Shortly after, Frank goes to live in Chicago with his sister. Post-war, Frank gets married and has children.
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Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank grows up during the Great Depression. Although money is hard to earn during the Great Depression, Frank's father buys a house for around $2,000. Asians could not own homes or property because of the Alien Land Law. After camp, Frank's sister's name is on the deed because she is an American citizen.

The Matsuda family lives in the community of Ballard in Seattle. The demographic is predominately Scandinavian. Frank remembers there are four Japanese American families plus them. Frank has many friends on 69th Street.

Frank recalls December 7 and the evacuation orders, Executive Order 9066 (EO9066). He says the Japanese Americans becomes the most hated people after Pearl Harbor. The Matsuda family goes to Puyallup and Minidoka. He describes the living conditions and provisions in camp.

Frank did not stay at Minidoka for long. He takes the opportunity to work on a sugar beet farm in Idaho. Later he goes to Salt Lake City to work at a meatpacking company and restaurant. ]]>
Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Education]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--Military service--Recruiting and enlisting]]> Fujikawa, Misuo John: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>
Lillian's sister returns to their family home first. Lillian says when she returns home, she prepares the house for her parents' return from Minidoka. Later she learns about her family receiving death threats.

Lillian discusses John's family's homecoming from Minidoka. When they return home, there is nothing left, and they did not have money. Fortunately, the Matsudaira family receives assistance from Saint Vincent de Paul and other religious affiliations. John does not return home from the hospital until February 1947. John is wounded in Rome in October 1944 by shrapnel. John also receives threats as well after returning home from camp.

Lillian shares John's basic training and war experiences. In Mississippi, there is segregation. Either it is white or black. Japanese Americans are considered white. Lillian says the Asians are not treated as badly as the African Americans in the South.

Lillian feels proud of her husband John for serving during World War Two. She says their contribution liberated the Japanese Americans and shows that the Japanese Americans are good as anyone else. The 442nd opened opportunities for other Asians to have a chance to have a better life. She reflects on American history and the generational gaps between Nisei and Sansei.

Lillian and John have four children and seven grandchildren. She shares memories of her children and John's interests and hobbies. ]]>
Matsudaira, Lillian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Lillian's father is Tsuyoshi Inouye, and her mother is Yayoi Inouye. They have six children in the family. Lillian grows up in a neighborhood that is primarily Japanese American and Chinese. Although Lillian's family is more westernized, she recalls some Japanese traditions practiced during New Year.

Lillian's husband is John Takehisa Matsudaira. He is born November 26, 1922, in Seattle, Washington. John's father is Tokohisa Matsudaira, and his mother is Hatori Umeda Matsudaira. John's parents are from Kanazawa, Japan. They have fourteen children. John is the oldest child in the family, and there is about a 20 year age gap between the siblings.

After school, Lillian helps out at the family restaurant. She rarely has free time. Lillian also attends Japanese School for six years. The neighborhood children are her friends.

John is a loner during his school years. He has many interests and enjoys reading books. John lived in Japan for about five years and started his artwork in Japan. He returns to the United States when he is 12 years old.

Lillian recalls December 7 and evacuation. She describes the atmosphere and preparations made for camp.]]>
Matsudaira, Lilian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Lillian identifies with her Japanese heritage, but after the war, she realizes there is a need to emphasize being American. She recalls three individuals that show support to the Japanese American Community and her family.

Lillian and her family are sent to Puyallup and Minidoka. She describes the living conditions and life behind barb wires. At Minidoka, she meets John Matsudaira. John volunteers for service and leaves in June 1943. They stay in contact through correspondences.

Lillian leaves camp and goes to Ohio and Philadelphia to reunite with her sisters Fran and Ruby. ]]>
Matsudaira, Lilian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Each person is only allowed to bring what they can carry. The designation of the camp is not announced to the evacuees. Therefore, you do not know if you are going somewhere hot or cold. Tadayoshi recalls going into their barracks for the first time.

The Sugiyama family is at Turlock from April to September and then travel by train to camp with the windows blackout. On the train, there are military personals (MP). They arrive at Casa Grande, but the camp is not fully built yet. Tadayoshi recalls helping with the construction.

Tadayoshi's Issei parents did not say much about the evacuation even though they have a hard time adjusting to camp. His father works at the mess hall as a cook, his older brother works at the hospital as a doctor, and Tadayoshi works as an x-ray technician. The Japanese Americans have to adjust to life at camp. There are dances, playing sports and Japanese shows. Tadayoshi says many of the Issei are very talented performing in the Japanese shows. He recalls in camp they are given a loyalty questionnaire and he discusses medical health care in camp.

Tadayoshi is about to enroll at the University of Minnesota and then receives a letter from the Army to join. Tadayoshi decides to go Camp Savage and see if he can join the Military Intelligence Service (MIS). He takes an exam and passes.

Tadayoshi discusses Army life and basic training. In July 1945, Tadayoshi goes overseas to the Philippines and Japan. Before going overseas, Tadayoshi gets married. ]]>
Sugiyama, Tadayoshi: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> Tochihara, Richard: narrator]]> Hirata, Jared: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Tulare]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Gila River]]> Sato, William: narrator]]> Tanaka, Diane: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Shigeru's family is in Amache, CO, while he is in the Army. He discusses that his father losses the nursery business due to evacuation. When he returns to the United States, Shigeru uses his furlough to visit his family in Amache.

Shigeru's homecoming is not what he expected. He explains the treatment towards Japanese Americans is different on the West Coast versus the East Coast. After being discharged from the Army, Shigeru looks for employment with his oldest brother. They buy a nursery on Florence Avenue in Los Angeles, CA.
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Iba, Shigeru: narrator]]> Nakamatsu, Karen: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values]]> Race--Discrimination]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Sato, Robert Satoshi: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Industry and employment]]> Hagiwara, Patrick: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> Military service]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> Yoshimoto, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 June 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago; Illinois ]]>
Although William's unit is not assigned to the Lost Battalion rescue, he discusses the events and gives credit to his unit for helping to get the Germans out of the Vosges area.

After leaving Southern France, William returns to Italy for the last push at the Gothic Line. He remembers moving fast through the towns. The Rifle Company and William's company are both facing casualties. William's company loses serval men plus their Company Commander. The replacement Company Commander is Nishimura.

William discusses the German surrendering and the end of the war. He leaves Italy in November and returns to California to Camp Beale. From there, he goes on a boat to Hawaii and is discharged from the Army in December.

Post-war, William furthers his education at the University of Hawaii and works for the Water Department for 17 years. He gets married and has four children and six grandchildren.

Furthermore, William talks about the importance of character building, his Issei uncle, and Shiego Joseph Takata. Despite the racial prejudices, the Nisei veterans persevered and showed oyakoukou - bringing honor to their parents and their county.
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Thompson, William Yoshito: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Skeets returned to Moffett Airfield and was assigned to guard a transformer. Skeets discusses his various duties ranging from jeep patrolling the fence line, guarding the hanger, and drafting. Before Christmas, he was with the 554th Squadron and transferred to Williams Field, Arizona. After three months, Skeets was promoted to Corporal.

Shortly after the Pearl Harbor attack, was on inactive reserve. Skeets went home to Santa Marie to his parents. Mr. and Mrs. Aratani helped Skeets' parents and provided them with land to farm. Later Skeets' family voluntarily moved to the Salt Lake City area, but Executive Order 9066 went into effect. Skeet and his family took what they could carry and went to the Assembly Center.

To stay busy, Skeets found a job in the Administration Offices with an Engineer overseeing the maintenance of the camp. When Gila was ready for occupancy, the internees left Tulare. Skeets stayed behind to tidy up Tulare and joined his family at Gila a few days later. At Gila, Skeets assisted on the surveying team.

Before Gila, Skeets applied to continue his education and received orders to be released from camp. The University of Nebraska accepted Niseis from various camps, and Skeets went there to continue his education in engineering. Skeets recalls Dr. Drew from a Methodist Church being helpful to the Nisei Students. Besides school, Skeets worked to support himself. He discusses stereotypes and the misconceptions society had about the Japanese Americans.
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Oji, Sukeo: narrator]]> Yee, Govan: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Tule Lake]]> Tanabe, Harry: narrator]]> Demonteverde, Marie: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 May 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> San Fransisco, California ]]>
After the Assembly Center, James went to Tulare, Arizona. The camp was unfinished, and there were tranches. Moreover, at the far end of the camp, barracks were uncompleted. James lived in a barrack and described the living conditions and food.

At Tulare, James worked in the hospital as an orderly. His tasks ranged from carrying the deceased to the morgue, helping the nurses with physical duties, and whatever else needs to be done. Later, the camp had a camouflage project and James worked on that. Reflecting on camp life, James said it was somewhat like a vacation. He could do anything, spent time with friends, and there were dances on the weekends.

James recalls volunteers leaving camp for the Army. He said it was sad to see the volunteers leave because they were leaving behind family and loved ones. When news about the 100th and 442nd accomplishments in Cassino was in the newspaper, James was in Des Moines, ID, and he felt proud of the Niseis. James worked at Broadlawns General Hospital in Des Moines. Later James received a draft notice.

He went to several weeks of basic training before going to Camp Blanding. During basic training, the most significant thing James learned was endurance from marching. After completing basic training, James went to Minnesota by train. When James arrived at language school, there were about 1,000 men. There were different classes and duties to keep him busy. Although James went to Japanese Language School when he was younger, he had to train himself now to read, write, and speak Japanese. There was a test every weekend.
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Murata, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

In 1934, James' father passed away, and the family stuck together to survive. Although James lost his father and later his brother, he did not change until World War Two because he was separated from his family. James was living in Guadalupe when Pearl Harbor was attacked.

A few days later, the Army moved into the community to patrol the streets. He recalls an encounter with a soldier going home. James said he was used to seeing the soldiers around because, before Pearl Harbor, the National Guards would come through town for the summer practices. There was a National Guard Headquarters 30 miles away from the community.

James recalled the FBI coming to his house asking for his father. James informed them that his father passed away, and the FBI left. Other families James knew had a different experience with the FBI. James recalled there were curfews and travel restrictions. Several months later, there was an evacuation notice. The Japanese Americans had no power or rights regardless of how they felt. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) could only listen to the government. The JACL was not able to make suggestions.

Assembly Center
James did own any treasures and only packed what he could carry to camp. James and his family evacuated to an Assembly Center. He described the living conditions and the guards posted at the gate. James would work inside the relocation center as an ambulance driver.
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Murata, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

A special event in the family is when their grandmother becomes a naturalized American citizen in the late 1950s. Janet believes their grandmother wanted to be a citizen because of Sadao.

Janice explains why her family lives in Hawaii. After Manzanar, Janice's mother finds a job in Madison, WI, as a surgical nurse. In Madison, she meets Janice's father, Albert Yokoyama, who is in the 100th Battalion. When Janice's parents get married, they move to Hawaii.

Janice recalls her mother having happy stories about Sadao except for the one about the community swimming pool. Janice explains her feelings on oral history. ]]>
Nakakihara, Janet: narrator]]> Trubitt, Janice: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Department of Justice Internment Camps--Crystal City]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> ]]> Oda, Esther: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-03-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Back on the mainland, Charley shares two incidents that cause trouble at camp. Post-war, he enrolls at the University of Honolulu and meets his wife. He is the first in his family to graduate from college.

Charley and his wife have three sons together. However, one son passes away from a car accident at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. Before going overseas, Charley is threatened by a plantation field supervisor. Charley has a desire to confront the man after returning home from the war. He shares how he handles the matter. ]]>
Ijima, Charles Toyoji: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank discusses high respect for the 442nd and the 100th accomplishments during the war. All Niseis have the yamato-damashii instilled in them growing up. He gave an example of Barney Hajiro from I Company who received the Army Commendation Medal (ACM). Franks recalls Barney's accomplishments in the war. At the moment, you don't think you just react. Sometimes the reaction is a good choice, and sometimes not.

When Frank was wounded overseas, his parents received a letter regarding his condition. After the war, Frank returned home and saw his father cry for the first time.

Post-war, Frank attends 442nd and I Company reunions. He was also active in organizations. He was a charter member of the VFW post in San Jose and a life member of the Disabled American Veterans and the Veterans of Foreign Wars. Frank also speaks at public events at the Buddhist Church and the Boy Scouts Group about his wartime experiences.

After September 11, Frank was concerned Muslims and hoped they do not go through what the Japanese Americans experienced. Frank encourages future generations to be friends with everyone. Frank reflects on an incident pre-war and prejudice. His past experiences guided him on how to treat others.

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Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

In September 1942, Frank was 24 years old when he arrived in Heart Mountain. In June 1943, he was waiting to join the Army, but he never received the news. Frank was classified as 4C - enemy alien. Therefore, he went to work at a peach orchard in Utah. The family dynamics changed in camp. There was no more family mealtime, and you ate by yourself or with friends.

Another division created in camp was the loyalty questionnaire. The questionnaire created a discussion among the Japanese American men to volunteer or not volunteer for service. Frank and his younger brother decided to volunteer.

On July 26, he was inducted into the Army. Frank attends a Recruit School for basic training at Camp Shelby. In his free time, he would go to Hattiesburg and visit friends. He recalls the discrimination and segregation of African Americans. Frank shared a story about a bus ride to Rohwer and the treatment of African Americans.
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Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank discusses his school years. In Vacaville, he attended primary school and Japanese Language School. Later, when the family moved to Cordelia, he went to a small grammar school and attended Sunday school at a Lutheran Church. After five years, Frank's family moved to San Jose. When Frank went overseas during wartime, he missed the valleys of San Jose the most. The valley was the most beautiful when the flowers were blooming.

In high school, Frank enrolled at a Prep Ministry school in Oakland. He graduated high school in 1936. Being the oldest son, Frank had responsibilities to the family. Therefore, he worked on the strawberry farm to help his parents. Later, Frank's family moved to Santa Clara and rented an area for farming.

In 1941, Frank moved to Los Angeles to help his half-brother in the trucking business. He recalls hearing the news about Pearl Harbor and shares his reaction to the event.

After President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, there were restrictions for the Japanese Americans. Frank's first reaction to Executive Order 9066 was the government could not do this to American citizens. He could only comply with the government orders because his parents taught him to respect authority.

Frank evacuated to Santa Anita Assembly Center with the Japanese Americans from Mountain View Palo Alto and later to Heart Mountain. Frank only took what he could carry to camp. ]]>
Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Don receives an opportunity to go to Idaho to work on a sugar beet farm and eventually moves to Detriot, Michigan, for employment. In 1944, Don is drafted and goes to Fort Sharedon in Flordia to be inducted into the Army. Then he goes to basic training at Camp Blanding for 17 weeks.

In this interview, Don shares he has two high school diplomas. One from 1942 and 2014. ]]>
Miyada, Don: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Hitoshi's parents have always stressed the importance of higher education. In camp, he receives his acceptance letter from the University of Denver (DU). Hitoshi receives his Bachelors of Science and Commerce after a year and a few months. Besides going to school, he works part-time jobs to support himself.

Hitoshi receives his draft notice and goes to Fort Hood, TX. His assignment is Anti-tank Company along with six other Nisei. Later, Hitoshi foes to Fort Snelling. He describes the living condition and basic training. ]]>
Sameshima, Hitoshi: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

As a child, Hitoshi's knowledge of Japan is shaped by his parents and Japanese Language School. In 1928, Hitoshi's mother and sisters travel to Japan. Hitoshi has an opportunity to go to Japan during the military occupation.

On December 7, Hitoshi is a junior at the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in Foreign Trade. Hitoshi remembers hearing about the Pearl Harbor attack on his way to school.

Hitoshi recalls the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. December 7, have effects on the Sameshima family members. Hitoshi says his father is questioned by the FBI, Hitoshi's older sister loses her job and Hitoshi receives notice to leave USC.

In March of 1942, the Japanese Americans relocated to assembly centers. There are 16 assembly centers along the coast where the Japanese Americans are interned for three to four months before going to camp.

Hitoshi discusses evacuation and going to camp. Although Hitoshi is going to camp, he wants to continue his education. He receives an acceptance letter from the University of Denver, April 1943. Before going to Denver, Hitoshi signs a loyalty oath. In June 1944, Hitoshi receives a draft notice from Army.

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Sameshima, Hitoshi: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Evacuation of civilians]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]>
Minamide and his brother go visit their Father and recalls saying good-bye. At this time the President declares war on Japan and evacuation notice is announced. Minamide and his family volunteers to evacuate with their family friends to Colorado. He describes the traveling conditions, what they carry and left behind. While traveling to Colorado there are rumors that there is no selling of food and gas to Japanese Americans. However, there is no problem traveling to Colorado. Once in Colorado, the family stays in a chicken coop until they found a house.


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Minamide, Akira: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 February 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>

After the loyalty questionnaire, Eddy left Jerome in 1943 and went to work in Davenport, IA, for six months. Before going into service, Eddy visited his parents in Rohwer, AK. His parents were transferred to Rohwer because Jerome closed in April 1944.

Later, Eddy learned about the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) and volunteers for the MIS. Eddy goes Camping Savage and then to Fort McClellan for basic training. Eddy does his basic training with the Hawaiian soldiers and goes to Camp Snelling.

Eddy goes overseas to the Pacific Theater. In the Philippines, there are 20 linguists on a team. Eddy says the Kibei are helpful with reading and writing. The Kibei are similar to the natives of Japan.
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Kurushima, Masato Eddy: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Eddy's mother was concerned and wanted to remove any Japanese items from the house. Eddy helps his parents destroy Japanese belongings from their home. The following day after the Pearl Harbor attack, the FBI came to pick up Eddy's father. A few days later, Eddy's father returned home. Eddy experiences racism. Eddy's mother encourages him to continue going to school despite the negative experience.

When Eddy returns from Japan to the United States, he gradually starts to feel accepted. He did not have a connection with Japan, even though Japan was his ancestral home. Eddy recalls President Roosevelt's speech after Pearl Harbor. Eddy feels disbelief that the Japanese Americans are not considered citizens of the United States. Although Eddy's parents are not citizens of the United States, they acted like good citizens. Eddy's parents followed the law and are honest, hard-working people.

On evacuation day, the Kurushima family goes to Fresno Fair Grounds Relocation Center. They stay there for six months before going to Jerome, AR. Eddy describes the living conditions and the attitude of shikata ga nai. ]]>
Kurushima, Masato Eddy: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Living in Yokohama, Japan, Tommy does not encounter any hostility from the locals for being Japanese in a United States Military uniform. If the locals need food, Tommy says he would share and help them as much as possible.
However, there are Military restrictions on what he can and cannot give to national locals.

Tommy discusses the benefits of being a Japanese American in Japan. Being Japanese American, it is easy for Tommy to go out and eat at the local restaurants. After the Peace Treaty, Tommy visits his relatives freely.

In August 1946, Tommy is discharged from the Military and works as a civil service employee for 55 years in Japan. Tommy is married to Kayoko and has three children.

When Tommy's children graduate high school, they move to the United States to attend college. After Tommy's retirement, he returns to the United States and settles in California.

Tommy discusses receiving the Congressional Gold Medal for his Military service during World War Two. He hopes his war and camp experience will educate future generations on the Nisei legacy.
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Mayekawa, Tommy: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Tommy and his family are at Santa Anita for a few months before going to Rohwer Relocation Center. At Rohwer, there are armed guards in guard towers. Tommy tries to try to occupy his time in camp with work. He finds a job driving a truck and chopping wood.

In March 1944, Tommy leaves Rohwer for employment opportunities in Detroit, MI. Shortly after, Tommy receives his draft notice and reports to Fort Sheridan. Tommy discusses the irony of being an American citizen going to camp and now being drafted into service.

At Camp Blanding, Tommy is part of a segregated unit. Many guys from his Company go overseas to Europe, but Tommy goes to language school at Fort Snelling. Tommy's training is short because the war has ended, and they are needed overseas.

In August 1945, he travels to the Philippine Islands and works at a POW camp. Later, Tommy goes to Japan for occupation. He is stationed in downtown Yokohama and is attached to the Third Military Railway Service Headquarters. His assignment is to be an interpreter with the local rail operators.
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Mayekawa, Tommy: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Tommy is the oldest of the children. He has a sister and two brothers. Tommy's first childhood home is on a farm. Growing up, he helps his father on the farm. If Tommy has free time, he hangs out with his friends and goes to the skating ring and movies.

Tommy recalls his school years and being the teachers' favorite student. Besides attending primary school, he goes to Japanese language school. After graduating high school in 1939, Tommy worked on a farm other than his family farm to earn money. Tommy also works at a home appliance store in Gardena, CA, as a delivery man.

On December 7, 1941, Tommy hears the news about Pearl Harbor while eating breakfast at his regular restaurant. He does not experience discrimination. Growing up, Tommy does not experience discrimination either. He says he feels the same as everyone since he was born and raised in the United States.

Tommy recalls the evacuation notices and preparing to go to Santa Anita Assembly Center. He describes the living conditions and feeling degraded. Tommy says there is nothing you can do but accept the situation, shikata ga nai.


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Mayekawa, Tommy: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Masato Yamashita and Lloyd Fujitani recall hearing the news about Pearl Harbor on the radio. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, anyone who is a leader of a Japanese Organization is taken away by the FBI. The FBI takes away dozen community leaders from Lodi including his cousin.

The government gives a month's notice for the Japanese Americans to evacuate to the Assembly Centers. The Yamashita family goes to the Stockton Assembly Center for three to four months. Masato describes the living conditions in the barracks at the Fair Grounds. At camp, Masato's neighborhood friend, Mackenzie, comes to visit him. The Fujitani family also goes to the Stockton Assembly Center.

At the Assembly Center, both Lloyd and Masato get jobs. Lloyd gets a job cooking, and Masato gets a job picking up trash. They are there at the Assembly Center for six months, waiting for Rohwer, AK, to finish construction.

Masato and Lloyd compare the security from the Assembly Center and Rohwer. At camp, there are sports, games, and social dances for entertainment. In 1943, Masato graduated high school and goes to Saint Louis for work. Shortly after, he is drafted into the Army. In 1945, Lloyd is drafted into the Army.

Masato and Lloyd talk about their induction and basic training experience before going overseas to the European Theater. Overseas, Masato is in the Third Platoon, First Squad, I Company. His Platoon Sergeant is George Ikeda. Lloyd is in Second Platoon, I Company. His Staff Sergeant is Shiro "Kash" Kashino.

Masato arrives in France approximately three months after the Lost Battalion battle. He is assigned to guard duty on top of a hill and describes the last push.
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Yamashita, Masato: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

As a child, he worked on the farm, and gradually he did more farm labor. The homelife of the Miyamoto family was more westernized and the primary language was English. Maya gave examples of not using chopsticks or taking off their shoes in the house.

On December 7, 1941, Maya heard the news of Pearl Harbor on the radio at home. Two of his brothers were already in the Army service. As a child, Maya did not think much about the effects of war and carried on like usual. The aftermath of Pearl Harbor became more significant when the FBI came to their home and evacuation to Poston, Arizona.

In 1944 Maya went to Phoenix, AZ, for his induction. After completing basic training, Maya was sent to Mobile Intelligence at Camp Ritchie, Maryland, to teach all kinds of weapons from Germany and Japan. Later, Maya was assigned to the Counter Intelligence Group and went to CIC Headquarters at Camp Holabird, Maryland, for training.

In November or December of 1945, Maya landed in Atsugi Field. This was his first time traveling to Japan and leaving California. Maya recalls that the culture and customs were different from the United States. After Atsugi, Maya went to Tokyo. He describes the devastation he saw in the towns and cities. Maya visited the CIC detachment in Chiba where he saw his friend. His friend who worked in Graves Registration was looking for bodies of fliers in Chiba, wondering if they were killed or beheaded.


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Miyamoto, Maya: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Before December 7, 1941, Paul's brother, Joe, and cousin were drafted into service. Paul recalls hearing about the Pearl Harbor attack on the way to see his cousin leave for the Philippines. Paul was a senior in high school when President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066.

March of 1942, the Ichiuji family evacuated, and Paul left school and his friends behind. Paul and his family went to Poston, AZ. Joe was discharged by the Government and he joined his family in Poston. Later, Joe volunteered for the 442nd.

Paul left Boston to go to school and was drafted when he was reclassified to 1A. Before going overseas, he was recruited into the Military Intelligence Service School. However, Paul was not fluent in Japanese. Later, he was recruited to the CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps).

After completing his training at Camp Holabird, Paul went overseas to the occupation of Japan. He spent his time in Mie-ken, Japan, gathering information. Paul made relationships with Japanese Government Officials, Informants, and Japanese nationals.

Before returning home to the United States, Paul recalls the CIC was interrogated by an investigative team. There was a complaint about the Black Market. Paul discusses the Blacket Market and its connection with getting intel.
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Ichiuji, Paul: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Industry and employment--Fishing and canneries]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Salinas]]> Hattori, Roy: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2011-26-04]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Monterey, California ]]>