Post-war, Hershey went to school on the East Coast for engineering. At Christmas break, Hershey returned home and worked for his cousin for a few months. Hershey started dating Terry, and they got married.

When Gallup fell into a depression, Hershey's paychecks got smaller. In June 1949, he decided to reenlist for three years. The following year the Korean War happened, and Hershey went to duty in August 1950.

Hershey went through a nine-week refresher training session at Fort Hood, Texas. Then he went overseas and arrived at Camp Drake in Tokyo, Japan. Hershey was taken by train to the southern island of Kyushu. He joined Company H, 2nd Battalion, 7th Regiment, 3rd Division.

When they landed in Korea, there was snow on the ground and light artillery fire from the North Koreans. The countryside was not modernized, unlike Seoul. Hershey recalls his first engagement with the locals and their living conditions.

The locals were starving, and the American soldiers did not get the best food either. The terrain prevented the American soldiers from getting their supplies. Hershey lived off C rations for three to four months.

In the Korean War, Hershey was promoted several times from Squad Leader to Corporal and then Sergeant. He had 12 men and four riflemen under him. Hershey recalls losing men because they wanted to go home or were transferred to other units. ]]>
Miyamura, Hiroshi "Hershey"; narrator]]> Yamazaki, Christine; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-07-24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
He said their confidence in each other helped them do their jobs well and they trusted each other.

After the war ended, Enoch was assigned to guard the Prisoners of War (POWs) and various Rest Camps. When Enoch had enough points, he returned to the United States. The 500 men landed in New York, and there was a large homecoming committee with dancing and a parade. Enoch recalls the homecoming parade in Washington DC and receiving the Presidental Unit Citation and the Bronze Star.

Post-war, he attended school at North Western and a Television Institute. Also, Enoch got married to Caroline and has four daughters and two grandchildren. He feels proud to serve with the 442nd. The Issei and Nisei gave their best efforts in World War Two and persevered. They leave a legacy that will be remembered.]]>
Kanaya, Enoch; narrator]]> Yamagami, Don; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006-06-25]]> Oral Histories]]>

On Gary's days off, he visits Tokyo and relatives who live in the suburbs. The benefits of being fluent in Japanese helps Gary communicate with the locals and become familiar with them. Gary enjoys sightseeing and eating the local food.

After a year in Tokyo, Gary returns to the United States. He decides to further his education and studies at International Trade in Chicago, IL. After finishing school, Gary wants to return to Asia. However, he meets his Issei wife and gets married in 1974. They have one daughter.

Gary moves to Sacramento and works for the University of California for 23 years before retiring. In Gary's retirement years, he is active with the Nisei Veterans Group. He goes to various schools to discuss his war and camp experiences.

Gary's message for future generations is not to be silent and stand up for what is right. Sus (Gary's friend) briefly discusses the Hanashi Oral History Foundation and its mission.
]]>
Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> Education--Higher education]]> Industry and employment--Educators]]> Post World War II--Travel, leisure]]> Kunitomi, Yoshisuke Jack: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-04-21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]> Education--Secondary education]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Race--Race relations]]> Race--Violence]]> Race--Discrimination]]> Kunitomi, Yoshisuke Jack: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-04-21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]> Education--Japan]]> Law and legislation--Alien land laws--California]]> Industry and employment--Business]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Education--Higher education]]> Aratani, George Tetsuo: narrator]]> Yamazaki-Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-01-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]> ]]> Education--Higher education]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> Identity and values--Issei]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--Department of Justice Internment Camps--Fort Missoula]]> Abe, Victor: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999-11-14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]> Industry and employment]]> Military service--Post-World War II service]]> World War II--Military and Government Entities--Counterintelligence Corps (CIC)]]> Education--Higher education]]> Race--Post-war treatment]]> Race--Racism]]> Wakai, Theodore: narrator]]> Iketani, Todd: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005-08-06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Camarillo, California]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military and Government Entities--Counterintelligence Corps (CIC)]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> World War II--Nisei soldiers]]> Mitsui, Sam: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bob: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Heart Mountain]]> Industry and employment]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Uno, Raymond: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 August 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Salt Lake City, Utah ]]>
Taira gets ready to go overseas but is delayed by a measles outbreak. Traveling overseas in the Atlantic Ocean is rough. When he lands in France, the 442nd has gone to Italy. He goes to Leghorn to catch up with the 442nd.

He arrives in Italy to meet with the 442nd. Before going overseas, Taira received training as a rifleman but now is assigned as 3rd Battalion Medic, Company M. As a medic, the Tech Sergeant takes Taira under his guidance. Taira says the are some advantages to being under his position. Taira is treated well as a medic.

In Italy, Taira's first battle is the Gothic Line. When Taira is in the frontline, the hardest part for him is to let go of the idea do not mess up. His cultural value and his father's words stick with him. When the war ends, Taira returns to the 3rd Battalion in Pisa.

During the occupation, Taira goes to Switzerland for his rest period. Taira says the locals are friendly and recalls some of their nice gestures. Taira discusses the black market.

In October 1946, Taira is discharged, and he goes to Richton. With the GI Bill, Taira attends Drake University and then the University of Utah. He studies bacteriology. In 1951, Taira graduates from the University of Utah. He finds a job in a lab part-time while going to graduate school.

Taira's marries Nobuko Okumura and have a son together. After his parents lose their job at Seabrook Farm, they come live with Taira and Nobuko.

Taira hopes the treatment of the Japanese Americans will not happen to anyone else. He says the Japanese American situation is how you see it. The Japanese Americans did not have civil rights. As times are changing and the opportunities for the next generation are getting better.

Taira briefly talks about Ken Uchida and narrates a few photos from the evacuation.


]]>
Fukushima, Taira: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> Yamamoto, Albert: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 June 09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Roseville, Minnesota ]]>
Tony arrives back in Kyushu, Japan, after Manchuria. He visits several areas in Japan. He goes to Kyoto to see what Japan would look like pre-war. Kyoto is the only city not bombed during World War Two because there were no war industries, and Kyoto is not a military center.

In May 1946, one of the other interpreters visits his family in Hiroshima, and Tony goes with him. Tony describes the devastation of the atomic bomb. The hills are blackened, and all the buildings are destroyed. Tony says it is a sight you can never forget. Despite the destruction of Hiroshima, the locals are trying to survive. In contrast, Tokyo has a few standing buildings.

Tony is discharged from the Army in December 1946. He attends the University of Washington and joins the reserves to make extra money, and the Korean War starts. However, Tony is not called to active duty due to his classification. Tony graduates college in June and is hired to be an Air Force interrogator in Tokyo, Japan.

Japan has changed drastically change from 1946 to 1951. Almost all the damages from the bombing are repaired. With the Korean War happening, the American Army needs the assistance of Japan. Tony says Japan is a tremendous help with the Korean War. In Japan, Tony's job is to interrogate Japanese soldier prisoners from Siberia. The Japanese prisoners have all of the strategic intel from working in the area. The American air Forces is in dire need of this information because of the Cold War.

Tony is in Japan from 1951 to 1956. Tony is an interrogator until the Peace Treaty is signed. Afterward, he works on special projects such as invasion and escapes studies for aircrews as a Department of Air Force (DAF). Later, he becomes a historian at Headquarters Pacific Air Forces and documents current Air Force History.

]]>
Koura, Tony: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Ray attended Coronado High School and got good grades. He credits his education in Japan for doing well in high school. In addition to Ray's academic studies, he was elected student body treasurer and ran track. Ray was popular with his peers and had many friends.

On December 7, 1941, Ray's life changed when Pearl Harbor was attacked. Many of Ray's friends treated him differently at school, and Ray was forcibly removed to Santa Anita Assembly Center and then to Poston, AZ.

Ray relocated alone because his father was in Crystal City, Texas, and his older brother volunteered for the Army in 1942. Life in the camp was tough, and Ray had to care for himself.

Ray graduated from high school in the camp and left Poston to work in Chicago, IL. Soon after, he found a better job working as a bookkeeper. Ray saved enough money to attend the University of Minnesota, and when his finances ran low, he volunteered for the Army.

Ray started his career as an auditor working in Japan at the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) during the occupation. Next, he was a translator in Tokyo civil service and Okinawa civil service. Ray's second time in Japan was with the Air Force Audit Agency and working around Asia. When Ray retired, Northrop offered him a job and traveled to Korea, Saudi Arabia, and various states in the United States for auditing.

In Ray's retirement years, he enjoys playing golf and going on cruises. Ray has been married to the love of his life for 57 years and has three children and three grandchildren. Ray hopes his grandchildren have a good education and a job they enjoy. For the future of America, he hopes there are no more wars.]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

As a child, Ray lived in Japan for a few years after his mother passed away. He learned how to speak and about Japanese culture in his formative years. In 1947, Ray went to Military Intelligence Service Language School for six months.

After completing the Military Intelligence Language School, Ray went to the occupation in Japan and landed in Yokohama. He went to Camp Zama and then to Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS). Ray waited for a month at ATIS to get his permanent assignment before going to Maizuru.

In Maizuru, Ray interpreted for the doctor and translated documents the POWs wrote. When he was not working, he made friends and traveled. Ray also visited his uncle who was a famous photographer.

After Maizuru, Ray went to Mie-ken on a four-month temporary duty assignment. His duty was to surveillance the black market activities on staple foods. Ray was an interpreter and translated when the Japanese police spoke to the locals. He was the backup for the Japanese police.
]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Frank's new duties are in the medic department as an administrative. He handles the paperwork for the physicals of incoming and outgoing recruits. On Frank's days off, he travels around the island and visits his uncle.

Frank recalls learning the ended when he is at Camp Maxey, TX, and he discusses his feelings about the bombing in Japan. In November 1946, Frank is discharged, and he continues his education on his GI Bill. He attends pharmacy school and works part-time at Walgreens.

After graduating, Frank works at Walgreens for several years before becoming an independent pharmacist. Then he sells his pharmacy to work for other pharmacies.

Frank is married to Margaret, and they have a son John David Hiratsuka. John is married has two sons. Frank's parents instilled in him values that he would like to pass on to his grandchildren. Frank wishes his grandchildren to be successful and happy. He hopes they will pursue their dreams.

Frank spends his retirement years being socially active with volunteering, church, and hobbies. He shares a message for future generations that he hopes the Japanese American experience never happens again for anyone else. ]]>
Hiratsuka, Frank: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Industry and employment]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Education]]> Identity and values]]> Funai, Masaru: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Glenview, Illinois ]]>
In February 1945, James received his Army draft and went to Texas for basic training. Basic training lasted four months, and he went overseas to Germany.

At the end of 1945, James goes overseas to Dorndorf, Germany, for five to six months with the occupation forces. He says Dorndorf, Germany, was rebuilt by the American Army and did not look affected by wartime. It was evident the United States was trying to keep the peace by helping Germany rebuild.

After several months in Germany, James was discharged in 1946. He enrolled in college to learn about agriculture and worked on the family farm. James was married for 40 years to Susie, and they have five children and four grandchildren.

James discusses the contributions of the Japanese Americans during World War Two. James loves the United States and says it is the best place to live. ]]>
Fujii, James: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

After the war, Coolidge returned to the United States. He participated in a parade for President Harry Truman. Coolidge explains there were mixed emotions about participating in the parade. He felt soldiers of the 100th and 442nd who were killed in action are the true heroes. The Niseis' contribution to the war showed that they worked hard, persevered, and were loyal.

President Truman's speech made Coolidge feel it was worth serving in the Military. President Truman recognized the Japanese Americans as loyal citizens. The Niseis were successful in the war because the Japanese American soldiers fought cohesively. The Niseis worked well together and trusted each other in battle.

After the parade in New Jersey, he traveled to the Panama Canal. He returned to Hawaii and had a festive homecoming celebration. Later, he went to the mainland to pursue his higher education at Grinnell College Iowa. In 1949, Coolidge graduated college and went to the University of Buffalo New York. He interned for one year at LA County General Hospital, then Coolidge received a fellowship at Mayo Clinic. He was the first Nisei to be accepted into the Mayo Clinic.

In 1958, Coolidge finished his fellowship at Mayo Clinic and returned to Hawaii to open his practice. Coolidge worked for 50 years before retiring. In 1956, Coolidge married Edith Yamasaki, and have four children and five grandchildren. Coolidge shares a message for his grandchildren and great-grandchildren to remember the golden rule. Be honest, respect your country, be loyal, and do not bring shame to the family.

When the Government gave reparation to the Japanese Americans, Coolidge gave his reparations to the Cox family who hosted him and to Tully High School.

At the end of the interview, Coolidge narrated photographs from wartime and post-war.
]]>
Wakai, Coolidge: narrator]]> Yee, T.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

After Coolidge's father passed away, the family moved to Honolulu. His mother worked hard to support the family. At age fifteen, Coolidge went to the mainland for higher education. He settled in California and found a job as a houseboy. Coolidge attended Berkeley High School.

On December 7, Coolidge attended church and learned the news when he went home. Coolidge did not feel any discrimination when he moved to the mainland. His employer and classmates at high school treated him fairly. The following day after Pearl Harbor, Coolidge went to school. He continued to focus on his educational goals.

When Executive Order 9066 was signed, Coolidge and his brother reported to Tanforan. After three to fourth months in Tanforan, Coolidge was sponsored to leave the camp to go to New York. In 1944 Coolidge graduated high school in New York and applied for college. He attended Grinnell College in Iowa with financial assistance from scholarships and a family from Kauai. After his first year of college, Coolidge was drafted into the military.

Coolidge was inducted at Fort Sheridan and shipped to Camp Blanding, Florida. During basic training, Coolidge made many friends and had a good relationship with everyone.

Overseas, he was assigned to Company B, 3rd Platoon. Coolidge's first battle was in the mountains near Carrara, Italy. After Coolidge's first battle in Italy, he kept moving up the mountains above Leghorn. Coolidge recalls not showering for one month.

Coolidge recalls climbing Po Valley with his gear. Besides climbing the rigorous terrain, food was scarce. Later, the 100th and 442nd were called to France for the Gothic Line because the military needed the left flank to be covered. Coolidge was attached to the 92nd Division.

When the war ended, Coolidge was in the mountains. There were no roads in the mountains. Therefore, airplanes dropped down the rations for them. Being overseas, Coolidge missed hot cook meals. He was living off of C rations and K rations.
]]>
Wakai, Coolidge: narrator]]> Yee, T.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Dan goes to Camp Blanding, Jacksonville, Florida, for basic training. Basic training is for seventeen weeks long. In Florida, Dan learns about Jim Crow and segregation. Dan shares a story about racism.

He goes to northern Italy in 1945. Dan is assigned to the Rifle Platoon, Company C, 100th Battalion. The 442nd at the time has lost hundreds of men in the Bruyeres Campaign and are resting in Menton while waiting for replacements. Dan joins the 442nd in January 1945. In April 1945, they go to Northern Italy for the final push.

Dan recalls Platoon Sergeant Burt Tanaka allowing him to switch assignments. Three days later, Dan leaves the Riflemen Platoon and joins is in the Weapons Platoon as an ammunition carrier.

During the war in Italy, Dan carries a magazine with him that brings him comfort during combat. He discusses the disadvantages in the Italian Campaign and the life of an Army soldier during wartimes.

When the German soldiers surrender, Dan's company is assigned to guard the prisoners of war. Dan gets to know some of them and says they are nice people. For his service in the Army, Dan receives a Combat Infantryman Badge for 90 days of combat. He also receives a badge for his efforts in the Italian Campaign. In 1945, the atomic bomb is drop-in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and Dan is still in Italy. Dan is not discharged until 1946. ]]>
Uchimoto, Dan: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

At an early age, Dan has many responsibilities beyond his years. He works in the family business and cares for his siblings. Life is a struggle, but Dan is grateful for the learning opportunities.

After the Pearl Harbor attack, the FBI takes away Dan's father to a detention center. Then evacuation orders are announced. Dan leaves the University of California, Berkeley, during his sophomore year and goes to camp with his mother. Dan and his mother go to Turlock and then Gila River. Dan's brother goes to Swarthmore College and his sister, Amy attends Boston University for a year.

Dan leaves camp to continue his education. He attends Loras College in Dubuque, Iowa. He describes his college and Berkeley years and working part-time.

In camp, Dan is given a questionnaire. He explains the answers "no-no" and "yes-yes". Dan answers "yes-yes" and that makes him eligible for being drafted. Dan receives his draft notice when he is at Loras College. ]]>
Uchimoto, Dan: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Ko discusses the media reports following days after the Pearl Harbor attack. He says the media exaggerated the news to instill fear. However, Ko and his family continue with daily life as normal. The customers at Ko's parents' produce market show sympathy and concern towards the Sameshima family. Ko says there are no signs of discrimination.

When Executive Order 9066 (EO9066) is announced, Ko's parents and himself have separate struggles they face. Ko's parents go to Amache, Colorado, and Ko tries to transfer to a University on the East Coast. On the East Coast, Ko witnesses segregation and shares his sentiments.

Ko graduates from the University of Texas and is reclassified from 4C to 1A. Before being drafted for service, Ko volunteers to be an internee at Amache, to care for his parents. Ko recalls his experience at Camp Snelling and Military Intelligence Language School.

In 1945, the war ends, and Ko is commissioned to go to Manila, Philippines, for war crime trials and then to Tokyo, Japan, for occupation. Ko's parents leave Amache and move to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ]]>
Sameshima, Ko Stanley: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

After the Pearl Harbor attack, there are some restrictions in place. One of them being curfew time. Leo's basketball coach has to get a permit for Leo to be out past curfew to participate in the basketball game. Later, President Truman signs Executive Order 9066 placing thousands of Japanese Americans into camp. Leo discusses the effects of EO9066 and his family in Salinas, California. Leo's family farm also is searched by the FBI.

Before volunteering for service, Leo attends Northern Montana College for a year. The Morishita family is proud of Kenzo, Leo, and Yukata for joining the Army. The Morishita brothers are inducted at Fort Douglas, Utah. Leo does don't leave at the same time with his brothers because of his feet. Leo joins Kenzo and Yutaka six weeks later at Camp Shelby.

At Camp Shelby, Leo does nine months of basic training, He describes the different training he learns and the discrimination in the South. Even though there is discrimination, there is one kind person Leo meets. He shares his story about Earl Finch and his acts of kindness towards the Nisei.

Overseas, Leo lands in Naples, Italy, and learns there is a need for riflemen. He is no longer a medic. Leo is given a browning automatic rifle.]]>
Morishita, Leo: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Wartime is a heavy discussion. However, in this interview, Ray Wells and Julian Quayles talk about the lighter side of World War Two. Both men highlight areas of v-mail, homecoming, and post-war life.

The USO and V-mail bring high morale to the troops during wartime. Ray and Julian both agree that V-mail is an important aspect of the soldiers' morale. Ray says V-mail is like a piece of their home. There are not many opportunities to write correspondences if you are on the frontline. If you are in the hospital, you have more of a chance to write letters. If you are injured, the Red Cross can assist you with your correspondence(s).

When Ray is in the hospital, he recalls helping another soldier write his correspondence. Both Ray and Julian receive correspondence from their mother while overseas. Ray and Julian say there is censorship when you write your correspondences. You are limited in what you can say.

Both Ray and Julian discuss their homecoming to the mainland. After World War Two, Julian pursues his law degree and starts his practice. Julian remains active in the Military and retires as a Colonel JAG Officer. As for Ray, he goes to Okinawa, Japan, and the Korean War. Moreover, each man becomes a father and have grandchildren.]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Wartime is a heavy discussion. However, in this interview, Ray Wells and Julian Quayles talk about the lighter side of World War Two. Both men highlight areas of v-mail, homecoming, and post-war life.

The USO and V-mail bring high morale to the troops during wartime. Ray and Julian both agree that V-mail is an important aspect of the soldiers' morale. Ray says V-mail is like a piece of their home. There are not many opportunities to write correspondences if you are on the frontline. If you are in the hospital, you have more of a chance to write letters. If you are injured, the Red Cross can assist you with your correspondence(s).

When Ray is in the hospital, he recalls helping another soldier write his correspondence. Both Ray and Julian receive correspondence from their mother while overseas. Ray and Julian say there is censorship when you write your correspondences. You are limited in what you can say.

Both Ray and Julian discuss their homecoming to the mainland. After World War Two, Julian pursues his law degree and starts his practice. Julian remains active in the Military and retires as a Colonel JAG Officer. As for Ray, he goes to Okinawa, Japan, and the Korean War. Moreover, each man becomes a father and has grandchildren.]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

On December 7, Paul hears about the Pearl Harbor attack, and he reports to the Elective Service Board in Exposition Park. Before December 7, Japanese Americans are classified as 1A. However, after Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans are classified 4C.

Due to the 4C classification, Japanese Americans cannot serve. Paul and a few others from the Japanese American Citizen League (JACL) write a letter expressing their rights as citizens. As a result, the Japanese American classification is changed, and Paul volunteers for the military.

When evacuation orders are announced, Paul's family goes to Manzanar first. Paul delays his evacuation to continue his work at the bank. Later, Paul joins his family at Manzanar briefly before going to Idaho for farming. Through the Quaker's Program, Paul applies for college and goes to Drake University, IA.

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Bannai, Paul: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

After Frank's service in the Army 442nd Regimental Combat Team, K Company, He moves to Chicago to be near his sister and school. Frank gets married to Yuri L. Satow Matsuda. They have three children and three grandchildren. Eventually Frank moves back to Seattle because his father is ill.

Frank feels the situation is improving for the next generations after the war. Frank is proud of his kids and grandchildren. He wishes they do their best, be happy and healthy. ]]>
Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--American Concentration Camps--Manzanar]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment--Medicine]]> Education--Higher education]]> Identity and values--Women]]> Oda, Mary: narrator]]> Sato-Yamazaki, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Living conditions]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Food]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Manzanar]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Medical care and health issues]]> Education--Higher education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath--Responses of non-Japanese Americans]]> Oda, Mary: narrator]]> Sato-Yamazaki, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Education]]> Education--Japan]]> Industry and employment--Medicine]]> Identity and values--Women]]> Education--Higher education]]> Identity and values--Issei]]> Oda, Mary: narrator]]> Sato-Yamazaki, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Lillian's father is Tsuyoshi Inouye, and her mother is Yayoi Inouye. They have six children in the family. Lillian grows up in a neighborhood that is primarily Japanese American and Chinese. Although Lillian's family is more westernized, she recalls some Japanese traditions practiced during New Year.

Lillian's husband is John Takehisa Matsudaira. He is born November 26, 1922, in Seattle, Washington. John's father is Tokohisa Matsudaira, and his mother is Hatori Umeda Matsudaira. John's parents are from Kanazawa, Japan. They have fourteen children. John is the oldest child in the family, and there is about a 20 year age gap between the siblings.

After school, Lillian helps out at the family restaurant. She rarely has free time. Lillian also attends Japanese School for six years. The neighborhood children are her friends.

John is a loner during his school years. He has many interests and enjoys reading books. John lived in Japan for about five years and started his artwork in Japan. He returns to the United States when he is 12 years old.

Lillian recalls December 7 and evacuation. She describes the atmosphere and preparations made for camp.]]>
Matsudaira, Lilian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Tadayoshi talks about an array of topics from Fred Oshima joining the 522nd Artillery Battalion, the loyalty questionnaire (especially questions 27 and 28, and his cousin Hiroshi Sugiyama.

Tadayoshi says the men in the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) did a terrific job in World War Two because their fieldwork laid the foundation for MIS during the occupation.

At the end of the interview, Tadayoshi shows photographs from his Military Intelligence Service (MIS) class, Company B from Fort McClellan (1944), and 2nd Platoon Company B from Fort McClellan (1944). ]]>
Sugiyama, Tadayoshi: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

At Gila River and overseas, Tadayoshi encounters different types of Japanese dialects. For example, at camp there is a mixture of city and country people with contrasting Japanese dialogue. Moreover, there is a perception that Japanese Americans do not speak Japanese. When Tadayoshi goes to Nikko, the locals are surprised to see a Japanese in an American uniform and speaking Japanese. The same thing happens when he visits his relatives in Shimizu on a ten-day furlough.

Overseas Tadayoshi is an interpreter with the War Crimes Investigation for two Captains who are lawyers. Despite working on war crime cases during occupations, Tadayoshi does not see any finalization of his investigations. A particular case his shares is Captain Kaneko.

The war impacts the lives of Japanese locals in many ways. Tadayoshi is surprised about the social responsibility in public and describes some situations he witnessed. Tadayoshi's mother says this is an effect of war. War changes people, and we should not judge people too harshly.

Tadayoshi's parents leave Gila River in 1945 and rebuild their lives. Post-war, Tadayoshi furthers his education and moves to Los Angeles. He has two daughters and two grandchildren. Tadayoshi reflects on the Nisei contribution and the legacy they worked for the next generations. ]]>
Sugiyama, Tadayoshi: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

As a Liaison Officer, the big mission at the time was the Government Relocation Construction Program. Allocating the funding for the program would take a long time. However, Japan decided to use their reparation money to construct the buildings to meet the safety standards. When the construction was complete, the next mission was to build a commutation system throughout Japan.

He finished the project in 1957, and return to the United States. Skeets was reassigned to G4, Headquarters Company, 6th Army, Presidio, Monterey. He was a General Staff Officer in charge of maintenance. After he finished his tour, he asked to go back to Japan but was declined.

In 1959 Skeets went to Hanau, Germany, and was assigned as an Engineer Officer. Later he was assigned to replace a Major in Baumholder as Post Engineer responsible for maintenance and engineering facility. He also oversaw a Quarter Master Depot and Hospital. When Skeets was not working, he explored Europe and went sightseeing.

He finished his career in Europe in 1960 and was reassigned to Sierra Army Depot as Post Engineer and served for two years. Besides working, he also continued his education to get his engineering status for the Federal Civil Service. Skeets got his degree and was promoted to GS11 Engineer.

In 1963, Skeets retired from his military service. Skeets moved to Berkeley and worked as a civilian as a Utilities Management Engineer for the Navy.
Skeets remarried and lived in Berkeley, but the commute to Sharp Army Depot in Stockton was too long. Skeets found a job at Oakland Army Base as an Engineer before having the opportunity with the Navy as a Utilities Contracting Officer. Right before Skeets' retirement in 1978, he suggested to the Navy to microfiche the remaining files. He ended up working a few more years.

After retiring from the Military and Federal Civil Service of 42 years, Skeets now spends his time with his wife and children. Skeets has two daughters, and his second wife has three daughters. Skeets and his second wife have thirteen grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. Skeets love traveling and recalls his trip to China.]]>
Oji, Sukeo: narrator]]> Yee, Govan: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

The late 1920s was the Great Depression, and everyone struggled to survive. Farmers were making about ten cents an hour. In the 1930s, the family moved to Perkins (east of Sacramento). Their family friend suggested to Skeets' father to venture into hops. However, that venture failed.

During Skeets' elementary school years, he attended Japanese Language School. When the family moved to Perkins, he attended Sacramento High School. He was active in sports and participated in a Nisei football league. In 1936, Skeets graduated high school and applied to Sacramento Junior College after a year of farming.

Living in Perkins, their farm was near a naval air forces base. Skeets recalls seeing the airplanes fly by and aspired to be an aviator and an officer of the United States Army. In early 1940, the United States was preparing for war. A civilian pilot program was offered at school, and Skeets was accepted into the program. After completing the first and second phases, he was waiting for the third phase, instrument flying and long distant country flying. However, Skeets did not complete his training because Skeets got drafted into the Army. On November 6, 1941, Skeets reported to Presidio Monterey for induction.
]]>
Oji, Sukeo: narrator]]> Yee, Govan: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Back on the mainland, Charley shares two incidents that cause trouble at camp. Post-war, he enrolls at the University of Honolulu and meets his wife. He is the first in his family to graduate from college.

Charley and his wife have three sons together. However, one son passes away from a car accident at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. Before going overseas, Charley is threatened by a plantation field supervisor. Charley has a desire to confront the man after returning home from the war. He shares how he handles the matter. ]]>
Ijima, Charles Toyoji: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Hitoshi's parents have always stressed the importance of higher education. In camp, he receives his acceptance letter from the University of Denver (DU). Hitoshi receives his Bachelors of Science and Commerce after a year and a few months. Besides going to school, he works part-time jobs to support himself.

Hitoshi receives his draft notice and goes to Fort Hood, TX. His assignment is Anti-tank Company along with six other Nisei. Later, Hitoshi foes to Fort Snelling. He describes the living condition and basic training. ]]>
Sameshima, Hitoshi: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

As a child, Hitoshi's knowledge of Japan is shaped by his parents and Japanese Language School. In 1928, Hitoshi's mother and sisters travel to Japan. Hitoshi has an opportunity to go to Japan during the military occupation.

On December 7, Hitoshi is a junior at the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in Foreign Trade. Hitoshi remembers hearing about the Pearl Harbor attack on his way to school.

Hitoshi recalls the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. December 7, have effects on the Sameshima family members. Hitoshi says his father is questioned by the FBI, Hitoshi's older sister loses her job and Hitoshi receives notice to leave USC.

In March of 1942, the Japanese Americans relocated to assembly centers. There are 16 assembly centers along the coast where the Japanese Americans are interned for three to four months before going to camp.

Hitoshi discusses evacuation and going to camp. Although Hitoshi is going to camp, he wants to continue his education. He receives an acceptance letter from the University of Denver, April 1943. Before going to Denver, Hitoshi signs a loyalty oath. In June 1944, Hitoshi receives a draft notice from Army.

]]>
Sameshima, Hitoshi: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

At home, Hitoshi's Issei parents teach him and his siblings Shushin - Japanese morals and values. For example, honor the family, study hard, persevere, and Ganbare. Besides attending primary school, Hitoshi attends Japanese Language School and kendo. At home, Hitoshi speaks Japanese.

Growing up in Pasadena, Hitoshi attends the Pasadena Unified School District throughout his school years. The school district is a cosmopolitan demographic with diversity. As a child, Hitoshi feels everyone is the same despite coming from different ancestry. After graduating High School, Hitoshi works part-time to pay for his tuition at the University of Southern California.

He recalls his childhood friends and their Military service during World War Two.

]]>
Sameshima, Hitoshi: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Education]]>
When the Minamide family returns to Los Angeles, Minamide's Father goes to University State of California when the farming business goes well. He receives a diploma in Business Administration. Growing up Minamide goes to Japanese school after English school. On the weekends he would help on the farm and goes to church on Sunday. He recalls his upbringing and sports played in High School.





]]>
Minamide, Akira: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 February 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>

Living in Yokohama, Japan, Tommy does not encounter any hostility from the locals for being Japanese in a United States Military uniform. If the locals need food, Tommy says he would share and help them as much as possible.
However, there are Military restrictions on what he can and cannot give to national locals.

Tommy discusses the benefits of being a Japanese American in Japan. Being Japanese American, it is easy for Tommy to go out and eat at the local restaurants. After the Peace Treaty, Tommy visits his relatives freely.

In August 1946, Tommy is discharged from the Military and works as a civil service employee for 55 years in Japan. Tommy is married to Kayoko and has three children.

When Tommy's children graduate high school, they move to the United States to attend college. After Tommy's retirement, he returns to the United States and settles in California.

Tommy discusses receiving the Congressional Gold Medal for his Military service during World War Two. He hopes his war and camp experience will educate future generations on the Nisei legacy.
]]>
Mayekawa, Tommy: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Before December 7, 1941, Paul's brother, Joe, and cousin were drafted into service. Paul recalls hearing about the Pearl Harbor attack on the way to see his cousin leave for the Philippines. Paul was a senior in high school when President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066.

March of 1942, the Ichiuji family evacuated, and Paul left school and his friends behind. Paul and his family went to Poston, AZ. Joe was discharged by the Government and he joined his family in Poston. Later, Joe volunteered for the 442nd.

Paul left Boston to go to school and was drafted when he was reclassified to 1A. Before going overseas, he was recruited into the Military Intelligence Service School. However, Paul was not fluent in Japanese. Later, he was recruited to the CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps).

After completing his training at Camp Holabird, Paul went overseas to the occupation of Japan. He spent his time in Mie-ken, Japan, gathering information. Paul made relationships with Japanese Government Officials, Informants, and Japanese nationals.

Before returning home to the United States, Paul recalls the CIC was interrogated by an investigative team. There was a complaint about the Black Market. Paul discusses the Blacket Market and its connection with getting intel.
]]>
Ichiuji, Paul: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

George was sent home early from the occupation and went to Schofield. He was at Schofield for six months and was assigned to the motor pool as a dispatcher. At the end of George's service, his rank was Corporal.

George continued his education at the University of Hawaii. After graduation, George could not find a job. Later, Thomas Yoshida told George about the job in Okinawa as a Court interpreter working for the Department of Army Civilians.

George worked for the Department of Army Civilian for approximately a year, interpreting, collecting property records in Naha, and coordinating workers for repairing a 90-foot boat.

When George's one-year contract ended, he came home to Hawaii. He worked serval jobs before working at the State Tax Office as a tax auditor for 23 years. In George's retirement years and he stayed active with golf. He and his wife have six children, four grandchildren, and one great-grandchild.

George reflects on the occupation and the Nisei linguists and their contributions. In George's opinion, he felt the Nisei linguists were the bridge between the United States Army and the Japanese nationals. Although the occupation was successful in helping Japan to rebuild, George felt the main point is to treat the people well with respect. George hopes for his grandchildren and great-grandkids to have a good education, a good job, and marry into a fine family. His message for future generations is to be kind to one another and treat them as human beings.

]]>
Matsunaga, George: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

He explains he used diplomacy to treat everyone fairly. George gave an example of using diplomacy when he interpreted for a Colonel in Morioka for rice rationing. George learned to treat others equally from his mother. He recalls the situations with the Koreans being oppressed. George tried to help them and acted as the middle man to make peace.

During the occupation, George saw the effects of war from starvation and death. One thing that upset George was seeing two to three funerals every day for soldiers killed in action (KIA). Overall, George felt the occupation was a success in rebuilding Japan.

After the occupation, George returned to Hawaii and graduated from the University of Hawaii on his GI Bill. In 1950, George worked in Okinawa for the Department of Army Civilians as a court interpreter for a Judge and collect property deeds in Naha.

George recalls in 1945 a plane crashed with 12 linguists aboard the flight. George knew some of the men well because they were from Hawaii and Mainland -Joe Kuwada, Motokane, Ueoka, and the Inouye brothers.
]]>
Matsunaga, George: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Education--Higher education]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> Post World War II--Travel, leisure]]> Industry and employment--Law]]> Industry and employment--Business]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Miyake, Michael: narrator]]> Demonteverde, Marie: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 January 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Industry and employment]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Hishinuma, Ramsay: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 October 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]>
In 1938, Nob graduates high school. When his younger brother Ace graduates high school a few years later, Ace gives Nob a chance for higher education. However, the war starts.

On December 7, Nob hears the news about Pearl Harbor. Nob says the community of Bell treated his family well. They did not experience any discrimination. In May 1942, Nob and his family go to Manzanar.

At Manzanar, Nob works and plays baseball to pass the time. Later he leaves Manzanar briefly to work on a sugar beet farm in Montana. When he returns to Manzanar, he takes a Military Intelligence Service (MIS) exam and passes.

Nob and ten others from Manzanar go to Camp Savage for six months of training. Nob training focuses on conversational Japanese, Japanese military terms, and kanji. After training, Nob goes overseas to New Guinea.

Nob discusses discrimination in the military and the lack of promotions with Japanese Americans. He recalls Ensign Sherman, an advocate for the MIS. Moreover, Nob describes his experiences with Prisoners of War (POWs) in New Guinea and Luzon, and the Philippines.





]]>
Yamashita, Nobuo: narrator]]> Tanaka, Diane: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Industry and employment]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Suzuki, James: narrator]]> Inouye, Jason: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Identity and values]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]>
]]>
Hara, George: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bobby: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 July 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]>
World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Hara, George: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bobby: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 July 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities]]> Hara, George: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bobby: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 July 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]>
John recalls his team member, Jim Teshima, and their family relationship. After one year in the Philippines, John returned to the United States. John was discharged in 1946, and at the end of his military career, he was a T4 (Buck Sergeant). John mentions the ranking difference between the hakujins and nihonjins in the military.

Three months later, he worked for the Federal government. He worked for the VA for five years at Fort Snelling and later transferred to the IRS. Besides working, John continued his education and completed his degree.

John is married and has four children and six grandchildren.]]>
Takekawa, John: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Education]]> World War II--Military and Government Entities--Counterintelligence Corps (CIC)]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps]]> Uchiyama, Mikio: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bobby: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 May 20]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Fresno, California ]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Education]]> Tagawa, Mitsugi: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 April 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Tucson, Arizona]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> Military service]]> World War II--France]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Nisei soldiers]]> Hayashi, Oliver: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center ]]> 2005 October 05]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Industry and employment]]> Robinson, Jr., James: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]> Social activities]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Misaka, Wataru: narrator]]> Graves, Tom: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Salt Lake City, Utah ]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Misaka, Wataru: narrator]]> Graves, Tom: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Salt Lake City, Utah ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Education]]> Misaka, Wataru: narrator]]> Graves, Tom: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Salt Lake City, Utah ]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Industry and employment--Educators]]> Urata, James: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 July 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, Califorina ]]> World War II--Burma]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Fort Snelling]]> Taketa, Shojiro: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 June 05]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Emeryville, California ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Tule Lake]]> Identity and values]]> Taketa, Shojiro: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 June 05]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Emeryville, California ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]>
In a predominate community of Hispanics and African Americans, the community did have a few Japanese owned and run businesses such as Ochai Family grocery store and Japanese provisions store owned by the Nishimoto Family.

Yonemura graduates high school in 1934 during the height of Depression Era and moves to Los Angeles, California. In Los Angeles, he delivers flowers for a year . His sister Yoshiko (who is nine years older) encourages him to go to college. He returns back to Riverside and to attend Community College. Later he transfers to University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and graduates in 1939 with a degree in economics. At the time there are no jobs available and a friend suggests that Yonemura goes to law school.

Yonemura applies to Berkeley Law School and gets accepted. He is the only minority at this time at law school. Yonemura feels his classmates have the advantage coming from middle class families and many aspect of law whereas he comes from a different background. ]]>
Yonemura, Masatatsu: narrator]]> Nakayama, Stuart: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 June 04]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Social activities]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Identity and values]]>
During Hirose's time in occupation there are many orphan children in Japan and he expresses his sympathy for them. Also during occupation, he recalls the relationship between the Hawaiian boys and Mainland boys.

After being discharge, Hirose goes to college on the GI Bill. He majors in International Relations and Business. He becomes a teacher for 40 plus years. He gets married and have one daughter. ]]>
Hirose, Mutsuo: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 May 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> California ]]>
Industry and employment]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Sugihara, Takashi: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 May 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--Bruyeres, Belmont, Biffontaine]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Sugihara, Takashi: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 May 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Ushijima, John: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> UPS: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 March 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hilo, Hawaii]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Race--Discrimination]]> Koyama, George: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 February 10]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Ontario, Oregon ]]>
During the Great Depression, Yoshio does the grocery shopping for the family since he is one of the oldest of the brothers. Growing up, Yoshio has many responsibilities. He knows a few other kids in similar situations like him but is more concerned about his affairs.

When Yoshio has free time, he enjoys watching movies. He remembers trying to watch samurai movies with his friends. In high school, Yoshio likes watching high school football games. Once in a while, Yoshio goes to amusement parks with his friends. He recalls traveling to San Francisco for the World Fair and a football game in high school.

In the winter of 1938, Yoshio graduates high school at 19 years old. Then he briefly attends junior college because he has to help with the flower business. Yoshio feels he will continue the family business but hears the news about a draft in the Army.
]]>
Izumi, Yoshio: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Toyota: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Social activities]]> Kurahara, Conrad: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 0:29:08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> eng]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]>
Yenari earns money by selling candy and earns the name "sour ball boy". Before coming back to the United States , Yenari goes on furlough for three weeks to see the different prefectures of Japan. When Yenari returns home, he goes to school and opens an Optometrist practice.
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Yenari, Theodore: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> UPS: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 November 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Post World War II--Travel, leisure]]> Education--Higher education]]> Child rearing]]> Race--Race relations]]> Foote, Robert: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 05]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California ]]> Education--Primary education]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> Education--Secondary education]]> Social activities--Sports]]> Saiki, Kazutaka: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 October 09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Identity and values]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Intelligence Service (MIS). He explains how he screened expats. ]]> Saiki, Mamoru: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 October 08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Education--Primary education]]> Education--Secondary education]]> Industry and employment--Domestic Service]]> Identity and values--Issei]]> Immigration and citizenship--Life in Japan and reasons for leaving]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Okada, Peter: narrator]]> Yamada, Gayle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 200 April 09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
In August 1946, Ken returned to the United States, and he took a short road trip to San Francisco before going home to his parents in Richmond. Ken met his wife while she was working in San Francisco. Ken and Masuko got married on June 8, 1952, and have two children and a grandson.

Ken had several jewelry businesses before working for American Airlines in the instrument department. Ken worked for American Airlines for 35 years. Ken had many diverse friends. He believes having a common interest brings people together.



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Nihei, Ken: narrator]]> Hanamura, Wendy: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Japanese Americans--World War II]]> Military service--Post-World War II service]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Heart Mountain]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pomona]]> World War II--Youths]]> Yabu, Shigeru: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005-08-06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Camarillo, California]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> Identity and values]]> Suzuki, George: narrator]]> Tanaka, Rodney: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 July 31]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Santa Anna, California ]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]>
Watada notice progress is happening on the Gothic Line during the final push when they start marching because the pace before is walking. He hears news the war is over but is not certain until a few days later. Before returning home July 1946, Watada goes on a tour and visits Switzerland, Naples and Rome.

When Watada returns home, he marches in Washington DC and receives a President Citation from President Truman. Watada says it is a good feeling to be celebrated after people did not trust you for your ethnicity. Post-war, Watada goes to school and graduates from college. He majors in architecture. He also gets married and has children and grandchildren.

]]>
Watada, Richard: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 May 02]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Alameda, California ]]>
Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Identity and values]]> Kojimoto, Mitsunobu: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 May 01]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Alameda, California ]]>
On August 25, 1947, Shigeru received an acceptance letter to Centre College. Shigeru shares his journey of creating an independent fraternity before joining the prestigious fraternity Omicron Delta Kappa.

After graduating from Centre, he goes to NYU graduate school of business for two years. He also attends the New York Institute of Finance, run by the Stock Exchange. Shigeru works for Dean Witter for 18 years before retiring.

Shigeru discusses the Nisei legacy and shares a message for future generations. ]]>
Inouye, Shigeru: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Education]]> Morisawa, Jackson: narrator]]> Goto, Ginny: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 April 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Identity and values]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> World War II]]> Tsuneishi, Warren: narrator]]> Iwata, Joy: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Virginia ]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Tsuneishi, Warren: narrator]]> Iwata, Joy: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Virginia ]]> Industry and employment]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values]]>
Tanaka recalls meeting his wife Helene in New Haven and getting married. Tanaka and Helene have two children and grandchildren. During he retirement, Tanaka does volunteer work at the court, yard work, and picking up grandson.

Hawaii is a big part of Tanaka's life since this is his childhood home. Tanaka has watch Hawaii change from prewar to post-war. In 1959, Hawaii becomes a state and there is a big celebration. Tanaka says this opportunity for growth will make the economy better for the Nisei and open the land for new development.

Looking back at war time, Tanaka's memorable experience is working with the Australian team. The worst part is being hospitalization and missing out on the occupation of Japan. He shares advice for the future generation and how his upbringing contributes to his experiences in life. Tanaka also shares photographs from the war; law school and family.]]>
Tanaka, Harry: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 April 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> eng]]>
World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]>
During Tanaka's time of service, he recalls writing to family and sending them post cards when he is on furlough. On one of his correspondence, he receives news his first cousin dies in action.

Tanaka remembers his homecoming being quiet since he was in the hospital. He says his transition is different but he adjusted quickly. After graduating the University of Hawaii in, he applies to law school. After graduating from Yale, Tanaka takes the bar exams and passes and works for a Federal District Judge as a law clerk.


]]>
Tanaka, Harry: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 April 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--Military service--Varsity Victory Volunteers]]> Social activities]]> Military service--Veteran history]]>
Tanaka graduates high school in 1939 and is part of the Hawaii Territory Guard. He recalls after pearl Harbor is attacked, the ROTC is called to guard bridges. When Marshall Law is declared, Governor Emmons and other people in power did not feel Americans of Japanese ancestry guarding the territory and deactivated the Japanese Americans who served in Hawaii Territory Guards.

The Japanese Americans still wanted to service their county and some teachers formed a Moral Community. The Moral Community with the boys petition to form the Triple VVV - Varsity Victory Volunteer. Between 150-160 Japanese American boys sign up. Tanaka joins and is sent to Schofield Barracks for one year. The VVV is disbanded when there is an anticipation of volunteering for the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Tanaka recalls his duties and rank in the VVV.

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Tanaka, Harry: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 April 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> Takabayashi, George: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Tokita, Turk: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Community activities--Associations and organizations]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> World War II--Department of Justice Internment Camps--Fort Lincoln (Bismarck)]]> World War II--Immigration Detention Stations--Sharp Park]]> World War II--Leaving Camp]]> World War II--Military service--522nd Field Artillery Battalion]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Hirasaki, Manabi: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 April 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Camarillo, California ]]> Education--Higher education]]> Identity and values--Issei]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Law and legislation--Alien land laws--California]]> Social activities]]> Hirasaki, Manabi: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 April 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Camarillo, California ]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Education]]> Race--Discrimination]]> Murakami, John: narrator]]> Okura, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 February 13]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Portland, Oregon ]]>
Sachio discusses the relationship between the Marines and the Japanese American interpreters. Sachio was proud of the accomplishments of the Niseis during World War Two. He gave examples of the Gothic Line and the 552nd for being the fastest artillery group in Europe. Although it was discriminatory to have a segregated group of Japanese American soldiers, Sachio said he felt safer.

When Sachio was at Enewetak, a medical officer told him about the GI Bill and provided him with information on how to go to medical school. Sachio applied to Tulane and the University of Michigan and was accepted to both colleges. When Sachio was discharged, he started his medical schooling at Tulane.

Being in Turlock and Gila River, Sachio lost parts of his life. When he graduated from medical school, he was ten years older than his classmates. Sachio felt it was an achievement to get into medical school. All the aspects of his life have fallen into place. After completing his residency in Iowa, he went to work in Omaha for three months and then to Los Angeles in 1960.

Sachio got married within a year of moving to Los Angeles and had two sons. Sachio's message for future generations is to persevere. In high school, Sachio had the goal to attend medical school. Despite World War Two and moving around, Sachio accomplished his dream.

At the end of the interview, Sachio narrates a few items from his collections.
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Takata, Sachio Jack: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]>

After the signing of Executive Order 9066, Sachio and his family went to Turlock and the Gila River. Sachio worked briefly on the farm and made camouflage before leaving Gila River to work on a farm in Nevada.

Later, Sachio left Nevada and went to Blackfoot, Idaho, to sort potatoes for the winter. Then, he moved to Chicago to work at a machine shop. In Chicago, Sachio's status changed from 4C to 1A, and eligible for the draft. He returned to camp and was inducted into the Army.

Sachio reported to Fort Douglas and went to Camp Blanding for basic training. After completing training, Sachio was discharged at Fort Sheridan. Sachio went to Gila River temporarily and then to Chicago to work in a machine shop.

When the camp was closing, Sachio returned to Gila to help his family relocate. The family moved to Rocky Ford, Colorado, to farm tomatoes.
Sachio recalls learning the war ended and discussed his thoughts on the atomic bomb.

Sachio received a notice from the California Draft Board for not serving six months during the war. He was inducted into the Army for the second time and sent to Fort Riley. Then he went to Fort Benning, Georgia. Sachio went to Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) training and was assigned to the Headquarters of Pacific Command in Honolulu. Later, Sachio was assigned to Enewetak for six to eight months for security duty.





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Takata, Sachio Jack: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]>
Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]> Kanaya, Edward: narrator]]> Matsunaga, Ford: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Toyota: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 September 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Granada (Amache) Amache, Colorado]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Taniguchi, Howard: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 May 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Merced, California ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japan--During World War II]]> World War II--Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki]]> Mukai, George Taizo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 May 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Manhattan, New York ]]>
After being discharged, George returned to the United States with a big homecoming. There was a welcome banner and steak dinner. He reunited with his girlfriend in Minneapolis and got married five days later. George continued his education and found a job with the Government Civil Service. He had numerous promotions during his 30-year career at the Postal Office and retired in 1976.

In his retirement years, George stayed active and joined two tennis clubs.
George and his wife moved from Minneapolis to San Diego and Seattle. They have two daughters.

George's message to future generations was to study hard and go to college.
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Matsui, George: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Education--Higher education]]> Military service--Pre-World War II service]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Tsubota, Shigeru: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003-04-02]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]>

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