At the end of 1944, Michael went overseas and landed in Naples, Italy. Michael was assigned to the 100th Battalion as a replacement and went to Marseille, France. Michael experiences his first attack in Bruyeres.

Michael describes Bruyeres and soldiers wounded from shrapnel or shell bursts. After Bruyeres and Biffontaine, Michael was in the Lost Battalion rescue. Many soldiers lost their lives in the Lost Battalion. According to Michael the most challenging part of the war was seeing the wounded soldiers. Michael remembers a close call and feeling lucky to survive the war. Jimmy also said the worst part of war is death. He recalls his friend being killed in action.

Overseas, Michael was a mortarman, and Jimmy was in Headquarters Company as a wireman. Michael and Jimmy agree the German weapons were advanced in contrast to the American weaponry.

Post-war, Jimmy reenlisted and asked to be stationed in Japan to see his parents. Later, Michael also went to Japan in 1969 to visit his mother. Michael and Jimmy discuss the Nisei legacy and the Nisei's contribution helped future generations in every aspect.

Michael is married to Jean and has two children, Janice and David. Michael and Jean also have grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Jimmy and Alice have three children, Glenn, Nancy, and Mark, and four grandchildren. Jimmy wishes for children a good life and to be good citizens.
]]>
Doi, Jimmy: narrator]]> Doi, Michael John: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-03-07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

In 1939, their parents returned to Japan and moved back to Chicago, IL, after the war for a few years. Michael and Jimmy's parents decided to settle back in Japan because all their friends were there. Michael and Jimmy describe their parents as gentle and caring.

Although their parents were Buddhist, the children were raised as Christian. A traditional holiday celebrated in the house was New Year. The children were taught well and grew up to be good citizens.

Michael and Jimmy discuss their school years and participating in sports. At home Michael and Jimmy help with house chores or farm work. Their oldest brother had two produce stores, and Michael helped. Michael and Jimmy recall December 7 and the aftermath that followed.

Jimmy recollects his Sunday School Teacher saying he was American. The following day, Jimmy's friends treated him differently at lunchtime, and he ate lunch alone. Although some people treated the Japanese Americans as an outcast, the Oxnard community treated the Japanese Americans well.

Almost a month after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Michael was drafted. He went to San Pedro, Camp MacArthur, before going to Rockford, IL. The Japanese American soldiers were assigned to the Medical Training Center, where Michael trained to be a medic and worked in a hospital as an attendant.

Later, Michael went to Camp Blanding, Florida, to be a replacement for the 442nd. Michael transitioned from being a medic to an infantryman. After completing training, he went overseas to be a replacement for the 100th and 442nd.
]]>
Doi, Jimmy: narrator]]> Doi, Michael John: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-03-07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Post-war, Hershey went to school on the East Coast for engineering. At Christmas break, Hershey returned home and worked for his cousin for a few months. Hershey started dating Terry, and they got married.

When Gallup fell into a depression, Hershey's paychecks got smaller. In June 1949, he decided to reenlist for three years. The following year the Korean War happened, and Hershey went to duty in August 1950.

Hershey went through a nine-week refresher training session at Fort Hood, Texas. Then he went overseas and arrived at Camp Drake in Tokyo, Japan. Hershey was taken by train to the southern island of Kyushu. He joined Company H, 2nd Battalion, 7th Regiment, 3rd Division.

When they landed in Korea, there was snow on the ground and light artillery fire from the North Koreans. The countryside was not modernized, unlike Seoul. Hershey recalls his first engagement with the locals and their living conditions.

The locals were starving, and the American soldiers did not get the best food either. The terrain prevented the American soldiers from getting their supplies. Hershey lived off C rations for three to four months.

In the Korean War, Hershey was promoted several times from Squad Leader to Corporal and then Sergeant. He had 12 men and four riflemen under him. Hershey recalls losing men because they wanted to go home or were transferred to other units. ]]>
Miyamura, Hiroshi "Hershey"; narrator]]> Yamazaki, Christine; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-07-24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

In Japan, Hershey's father was drafted into the Japanese Military. Three years later, Hershey's parents returned to the United States. Hershey's parents settled in Gallup in 1906.

Hershey lost his mother when he was eleven years old, and his father had to raise seven children alone. His father was very strict and ran a restaurant called Ok Cafe.

Hershey's father instilled in him to be a good person and citizen. When the children were not in school, they helped at the restaurant. Hershey, favorite memory was a family gathering and eating Japanese food. Hershey loved sushi the most.

Hershey’s favorite childhood activities were hanging out with his friends, boxing, fishing, hunting, and bowling. At 14 years old, Hershey’s father bought him a car.

Growing up in Gallup, the community was diverse. He was aware of his Japanese ancestry and did not feel different from his peers. In the Army, Hershey made many good friends too.]]>
Miyamura, Hiroshi "Hershey"; narrator]]> Yamazaki, Christine; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-07-24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

On Gary's days off, he visits Tokyo and relatives who live in the suburbs. The benefits of being fluent in Japanese helps Gary communicate with the locals and become familiar with them. Gary enjoys sightseeing and eating the local food.

After a year in Tokyo, Gary returns to the United States. He decides to further his education and studies at International Trade in Chicago, IL. After finishing school, Gary wants to return to Asia. However, he meets his Issei wife and gets married in 1974. They have one daughter.

Gary moves to Sacramento and works for the University of California for 23 years before retiring. In Gary's retirement years, he is active with the Nisei Veterans Group. He goes to various schools to discuss his war and camp experiences.

Gary's message for future generations is not to be silent and stand up for what is right. Sus (Gary's friend) briefly discusses the Hanashi Oral History Foundation and its mission.
]]>
Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

After nine months at MISLS, Gary goes to Japan and is assigned to Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS) in Tokyo. Gary works at the Sugamo Prison as an interpreter of the high officials, officers, and lawyers during the war crime trials.

Gary discusses Court verdicts and cases. He feels the notion of war tactics is different between the Japanese and Westerns. Gary is in Alabama when Japan is bombed, and he discusses his thoughts about the bombing.]]>
Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

In January of 1932, Gary's mother takes the children to Japan to plan their future arrangements with the family elders. Gary describes Japanese customs and how some of his siblings were raised in Japan by relatives. Gary and his older brother return to the United States and grows up in Lodi, CA, a farming community.

Gary discusses his school years from elementary school to high school. In his free time, he likes playing baseball and watching movies. On Sundays, Gary attends Buddhist Church and Sunday School.

When Pearl Harbor is attacked, Gary recalls the aftermath of the evacuation. As an American citizen, he never imagined he would be evacuated to camp. ]]>
Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Industry and employment]]> Identity and values]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> Tso, Samuel: narrator]]> Iketani, Todd: interviewer ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-05-16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Window Rock, Arizona]]> Industry and employment]]> Immigration and citizenship]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Kawano, Kenji: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 May 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Arizona ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Industry and employment]]> Journalism and media]]> Immigration and citizenship]]> Kawano, Kenji: narrator ]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 May 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Arizona ]]> Japan]]> Religion and churches--Buddhism]]> Military service]]> Yamamoto, Steve: narrator ]]> Furuya, Kenny: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 November 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Gardena, California ]]> Education]]> Identity and values]]> Japan]]> Japan--Military]]> Yamane, Kazuo: narrator ]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 October 10]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii ]]> Community activities--Associations and organizations]]> Religion and churches]]> Social activities]]> Tanigawa, Hitoshi: narrator ]]> Japanese American Service Committee: publisher ]]> Japanese Service Committee]]> 2008]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Community activities]]> Social activities]]> Tanigawa,Hitoshi: narrator]]> Japanese American Service Committee: publisher]]> Japanese Service Committee]]> 2008]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Tanigawa, Hitoshi: narrator
]]>
Japanese American Service Committee: publisher]]> Japanese American Service Committee ]]> 2008]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]>
Industry and employment--Small business]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Katayama, Jiro "Jerry": narrotor
]]>
Japanese Service Committee: publisher]]> Japanese American Service Committee]]> 2008]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]>
Education--Japanese language schools]]> Education--Japan]]> Identity and values--Parents]]> Immigration and citizenship--Life in Japan and reasons for leaving]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Komoto, Kazuo: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005-04-16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Fresno, California]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Topaz (Central Utah)]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Tanforan]]> Murakami, Mary Tamaki: narrator]]> Horsting, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Virginia ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Child rearing]]> Social activities]]> Murakami, Mary Tamaki: narrator]]> Horsting, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 16 ]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Virginia ]]>
During wartime, Tom worked at Mitsubishi. Tom explained there were no opportunities for Nisei to be an engineer in the United States. To work for Mitsubishi, Tom had to regain his Japanese citizenship. In doing so, he lost his American citizenship.

Tom learned his family was doing ok after Pearl Harbor after receiving a note in a package from his mother. After the war, airmail was allowed between the United States and Japan.

After working at Mitsubishi, Tom worked for a chemical engineering construction company. Later, he received an offer to work for Kenwood. To work in the United States, Tom got his Green Card. For the latter part of Tom's career, he worked for Kenwood in the United States. He retired from Kenwood after ten years. Tom also went to Oak Ridge, the Secret City to discuss atomic energy.

Tom describes the different chapters of his life, from growing up in the United States, working in Japan after college, and returning to the United States to work. Being a Nisei helped him after the war. Japanese companies wanted his ability to speak English and Japanese. Tom also learned the business as a Nisei and as a Japanese. He felt fortunate to be accepted as a Japanese and a Japanese American.]]>
Umeda, Tom Shigetoki: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Tom recalls talking to the man who created the aircraft department at Mitsubishi and how he collected data from American aircraft to construct the zero fighters.

Tom worked in the Navy section on zero fighters. His assignment was the 6th and 7th versions of the landing gear. Tom describes creating and getting approval of the landing gear design.

He designed the landing gear with the philosophy of not using a dead weight. His goal was to make the landing gear as durable and light as possible. After several trials, Tom succeeded with his calculations.
However, the war ended, and Tom's design did not make it in time. ]]>
Umeda, Tom Shigetoki: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Tom has two younger sisters, and they grew up in Los Angeles, CA, near Chinatown. Later the family moved to Boyle Heights, CA. Tom attended elementary school for eight years and participated in an athletic club. Later, he goes to Lincoln High School for four years.
]]>
Umeda, Tom Shigetoki: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Nishijima, Kadsuo: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 August 13]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Salt Lake City, Utah]]>
Taira's father is Buntaro Fukushima, and he was born on August 2, 1881. Taira's father comes from a farming community in Japan. Taira's father works hard and is an honest man.

Taira's mother, Maru Tateyama Fukushima, is a picture bride from Japan. Taira's mother cooks the family meals and he recollects always getting green apples. Taira says his mother will sacrifice anything for their children. During the summertime, Taira and his three siblings ask for ice cream. As a child, Taira thinks his mother doesn't likes ice cream. However, she loves ice cream. Taira's mother does not eat the ice cream to save it for the children.

Growing up, the Fukushima family is Buddhist. At Japanese language school, the Buddhist Priest would teach the classes. Sometimes the school's space is used for shows or Japanese movie screenings with a narrator. Taira says these are the social activities that parents and children enjoy. Another childhood activity Taira enjoys is playing with his neighborhood friends Eddie Harvey and Susumu Kitano.

Taira discusses his school years at Hobart Boulevard School, Berendo Junior High School, and John H. Francis Polytechnic High School. Furthermore, he attends Japanese language school after school.

]]>
Fukushima, Taira: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Child rearing]]> Yenokida, Susumu: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 July 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Colorado, Denver ]]>
In 1938, Harold graduates high school and goes to the University of Washington for two years. Harold recalls the attack on Pearl Harbor. His brother, Masanori, is still in Japan studying abroad. However, Masanori makes it back to the United States on the last ship to Seattle. Harold discusses the effects of Pearl Harbor and the family's grocery store.

When evacuation orders are announced, Harold and his family go to Puyallup and then to Minidoka. He describes the living conditions at the camp. The Army is asking for volunteers for the 442nd. However, Harold is not accepted. Then after three months at Minidoka, Harold goes to harvest crops in Twin Falls. In Twin Falls, Harold and Edith get married.

In Denver, Harold receives his draft notice from the Army. June of 1944, Harold is inducted at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes to Camp Shelby for basic training.]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

In Seattle, WA, his father opens a grocery store. Harold's father enjoys fishing and tennis. Harold's memorable moment with his father is when they go fishing. Harold's other childhood activities are going to the movies and Boy Scouts.

Harold attends Central Elementary School and Japanese Language School. Later he attends Garfield High School. Growing up, Harold says he does not experience discrimination or prejudice. The people in Seattle are friendly.

At home, Harold speaks both Japanese and English. His parents instilled in him Japanese traditions and values. ]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Identity and values]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Hinazumi, Robert: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 October 08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Araki, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 October 07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Araki, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 October 07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Military service]]> Araki, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 October 07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii ]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Riess, Gordon: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 June 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Kuida, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Sueki, Lisa: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 June 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> Yamamoto, Albert: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 June 09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Roseville, Minnesota ]]> Japan--During World War II]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki]]> Yamamoto, Albert: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 June 09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Roseville, Minnesota ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Japan--Pre-World War II]]> Social activities]]> Yamamoto, Albert: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 June 09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Roseville, Minnesota ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Race--Discrimination]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Hanamoto, Asa: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 April 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> California ]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military and Government Entities--Counterintelligence Corps (CIC)]]> Kurata, Joseph: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 March 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> San Fransisco, California ]]> World War II--Photography]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Uesato, Toshi: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 March 18]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]>
Tony recalls his friend, Stan Kizawa, who worked in the Civil Censorship who is instrumental in saving the Kabuki Theater. In the occupation, Tony's role is mainly intelligence collection. The reason linguists are spread out through the different prefectures, Japan, is to assist the Japanese Government and Police with keeping the Communists under control.

The Nisei Linguists have more of an advantage for the locals to trust them over a white people who can speak Japanese. The locals want to make friends right away. Moreover, sharing the same culture is helpful in the mission.

The Japanese locals are accustomed to democracy. Therefore, when General MacArthur preserves the Emperor System and democracy after the war, he is well received. Democracy is established in Japan after the Meiji Restoration in 1868 (approximately) until the Military System takes over in the 1930s.

After the occupation, Tony works in a few positions in the military. Before retiring, he is Chief Historian of the Pacific Command. At the end of the interview, Tony shows a photo of him and the Captain Scientist "Chief" he accompanies in Japan occupation.





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Koura, Tony: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Tony arrives back in Kyushu, Japan, after Manchuria. He visits several areas in Japan. He goes to Kyoto to see what Japan would look like pre-war. Kyoto is the only city not bombed during World War Two because there were no war industries, and Kyoto is not a military center.

In May 1946, one of the other interpreters visits his family in Hiroshima, and Tony goes with him. Tony describes the devastation of the atomic bomb. The hills are blackened, and all the buildings are destroyed. Tony says it is a sight you can never forget. Despite the destruction of Hiroshima, the locals are trying to survive. In contrast, Tokyo has a few standing buildings.

Tony is discharged from the Army in December 1946. He attends the University of Washington and joins the reserves to make extra money, and the Korean War starts. However, Tony is not called to active duty due to his classification. Tony graduates college in June and is hired to be an Air Force interrogator in Tokyo, Japan.

Japan has changed drastically change from 1946 to 1951. Almost all the damages from the bombing are repaired. With the Korean War happening, the American Army needs the assistance of Japan. Tony says Japan is a tremendous help with the Korean War. In Japan, Tony's job is to interrogate Japanese soldier prisoners from Siberia. The Japanese prisoners have all of the strategic intel from working in the area. The American air Forces is in dire need of this information because of the Cold War.

Tony is in Japan from 1951 to 1956. Tony is an interrogator until the Peace Treaty is signed. Afterward, he works on special projects such as invasion and escapes studies for aircrews as a Department of Air Force (DAF). Later, he becomes a historian at Headquarters Pacific Air Forces and documents current Air Force History.

]]>
Koura, Tony: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

After the draft notice, he receives his Military Intelligence Service (MIS) training. Tony is trained for occupational work and is assigned to the translation group for the invasion of Japan.

Tony's knowledge of the Japanese language and Japanese culture comes in handy for his training and during the occupation. At Fort Snelling, the training focuses on interpreting. After training, the overseas trip is delayed, and Tony ships out in November to Yokohama, Japan.

When Tony arrives in Yokohama, Japan, he sees the destruction of Japan first hand. He goes to Camp Zama, the Replacement Depot. He recalls the Japanese locals carry themselves very well despite going through the war. When Tony meets locals in Japan, they are curious about internment camps and the Japanese Americans on the mainland.

Tony gets his assignment and is assigned to the 5250th Technical Intelligence Company located at the former Tokyo First Armory at Camp Oji (Northern Tokyo). He is the interpreter for US Army scientists, engineers, chemists, and physicists whose responsibility is to investigate war crime activities of Japanese scientists and institutions. The US Army scientists are researching what the Japanese scientists were working on and discovered during the war.

When Tony has free time he goes on jeeps rides with a few other linguists and explores the countryside and beaches. Tony takes pictures during the occupations and describes a few of them.


]]>
Koura, Tony: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Ray attended Coronado High School and got good grades. He credits his education in Japan for doing well in high school. In addition to Ray's academic studies, he was elected student body treasurer and ran track. Ray was popular with his peers and had many friends.

On December 7, 1941, Ray's life changed when Pearl Harbor was attacked. Many of Ray's friends treated him differently at school, and Ray was forcibly removed to Santa Anita Assembly Center and then to Poston, AZ.

Ray relocated alone because his father was in Crystal City, Texas, and his older brother volunteered for the Army in 1942. Life in the camp was tough, and Ray had to care for himself.

Ray graduated from high school in the camp and left Poston to work in Chicago, IL. Soon after, he found a better job working as a bookkeeper. Ray saved enough money to attend the University of Minnesota, and when his finances ran low, he volunteered for the Army.

Ray started his career as an auditor working in Japan at the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) during the occupation. Next, he was a translator in Tokyo civil service and Okinawa civil service. Ray's second time in Japan was with the Air Force Audit Agency and working around Asia. When Ray retired, Northrop offered him a job and traveled to Korea, Saudi Arabia, and various states in the United States for auditing.

In Ray's retirement years, he enjoys playing golf and going on cruises. Ray has been married to the love of his life for 57 years and has three children and three grandchildren. Ray hopes his grandchildren have a good education and a job they enjoy. For the future of America, he hopes there are no more wars.]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

After, Ray went to Okinawa to work for the Civil and Information Department in the military government. He was promoted to Visual Presentation Information Specialist. Ray had many Okinawan people working with him to spread propaganda about democracy in Okinawa. Ray screened movies and documentaries around different towns in Okinawa. Afterward, Ray started renting out regular American films, and his job was to control that.

When Ray did not have work, he found time to visit friends and his siblings. Ray has not seen his sisters and younger brother for 11 years. He reunited with his sisters and brother in Kagoshima and helped them come back to the United States. One of Ray's sisters got married there. After the war, Ray's father returned to Japan.

After serving his time in the occupation, Ray was discharged from the Army and censored telegrams in Osaka. Ray met his wife. His wife was working for the CCD in Tokyo and kept in touch. In March 1950, Ray worked in Okinawa and later returned to Tokyo in October 1951 and married his wife in June 1952.

By 1952, Ray was in Japan for five years, and he returned to the United States with his wife. Ray continued his education at the University of Minnesota, majoring in accounting. He later worked for a CPA firm, and then the Air Force Audit Agency hired him. Later Ray and his family moved to Japan, and Ray audited contracts in various places in Asia.


]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

As a child, Ray lived in Japan for a few years after his mother passed away. He learned how to speak and about Japanese culture in his formative years. In 1947, Ray went to Military Intelligence Service Language School for six months.

After completing the Military Intelligence Language School, Ray went to the occupation in Japan and landed in Yokohama. He went to Camp Zama and then to Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS). Ray waited for a month at ATIS to get his permanent assignment before going to Maizuru.

In Maizuru, Ray interpreted for the doctor and translated documents the POWs wrote. When he was not working, he made friends and traveled. Ray also visited his uncle who was a famous photographer.

After Maizuru, Ray went to Mie-ken on a four-month temporary duty assignment. His duty was to surveillance the black market activities on staple foods. Ray was an interpreter and translated when the Japanese police spoke to the locals. He was the backup for the Japanese police.
]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Japan--Pre-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--U.S. Army Internment Camps--Honouliuli]]> Urata, Harry: narrator]]> Niiya, Brian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Falk, Stanley: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 July 20]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Virginia ]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Falk, Stanley: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 July 20]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Virginia ]]> Japan--Pre-World War II]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> Okusa, Muneo Mike: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 July 18]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Great Falls, Virginia ]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Ikemori, Jiro: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]> Military service]]> Ikemori, Jiro: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]> Education]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Military service--Post-World War II service]]> Kamemoto, Mitsugi: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Japan]]> Kamemoto, Mitsugi: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Miyamoto, Theodore: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Jumpei grows up in Montebello and helps his father with farming. Jumpei's favorite sport is baseball. He has one sister, Chizuko, and one brother, Kay.

Jumpei discusses his school years from attending Laguna Elementary School in Montebello, high school, and Japanese Language School. His favorite activity at school is sports, especially baseball. During his free time, he rides his bike, goes hiking, and participates in Boy Scouts. On Sundays, he attends Christian Church in Montebello.

In 1939, he graduated high school and continued to help his father with farming. Jumpei recalls the Pearl Harbor aftermath. Jumpei's family goes to Santa Anita Assembly Center when evacuation orders are announced. After six months, Jumpei goes to Detroit, MI, for work, and then he is drafted into the Army.

After basic training, Jumpei goes overseas to Europe. He is assigned to Company D, Heavy Weapons. He shares a story of how his Squad Leader keeps the unit safe from the German soldiers.

When the war ends, Jumpei stays in Italy for three months before returning back to the United States. He goes to Chicago to reunite with his parents. Post-war, Jumpei looks for mechanic work.





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Mine, Jumpei: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Fort Snelling]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Awards, medals]]> Kusunoki, Manabu Bruce: narrator]]> Jones, Erica: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 March 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education]]> Kusunoki, Manabu Bruce: narrator]]> Jones, Erica: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 March 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Philippine Islands]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Nagano, Jack: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> California ]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School--Presidio, San Francisco]]> Nagano, Jack: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> California ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> World War II--Military service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Onoda, Bright: narrator]]> Onoda, Sam]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Glenview, Illinois]]> Education]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Yamada, Kazuhiko: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Akune, Kenjiro: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 March 05]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Yamada, Kazuhiko: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 30]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Education]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Yamada, Kazuhiko: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 30]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service--documents, translation of]]> World War II--War crimes trials]]> Yamada, Kazuhiko: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 30]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>
Frank's grandfather is a farmer, and Frank's father briefly works on the farm until he gets another job. Both Frank's parents work in private homes and live at the employer's home. Frank's parents are hard-working and work six days a week.

During the Great Depression, Frank says life is not difficult because his parents have a stable job. Although his parents are always working, they do have time off to spend with family and friends. Frank says New Year is a festive holiday with Japanese food and family.

At school, Frank's favorite subjects are art and music. He plays numerous instruments from the violin, saxophone to the clarinet. He recalls performing at the World Fair with his school band.

Frank's childhood activities consist of games, marbles, movies, and listening to adventure shows on the radio.

On December 7, Frank remembers listening to the radio and hearing the news broadcast about Pearl Harbor. Frank and his parents and the bus driver from the Japanese School decide to go to Ridley (the safe zone).

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Hiratsuka, Frank: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pomona]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Miyahara, Maki: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Japan--Pre-World War II]]> Education]]> Miyahara, Maki: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values]]> Ouchi, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Military service--Post-World War II service]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Fujii, Thomas: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 10]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Ray emphasizes the value of family and friendship. He says relationships are important to him. During his school years, he recalls influential teachers and friends that impacted his life.

When Ray is in the seventh grade, he travels to Japan with his mother to visit his ill grandmother. Ray is gone for several months. However, he can catch up with his school assignments. Besides primary school, Ray attends Japanese Language School.

Ray recalls December 7 and going to the assembly center. Ray's family tries to stay together as long as they can. However, they go their separate ways. Ray is drafted and goes to Camp Hood and Fort Snelling. ]]>
Shiiki, Ray: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Japan--Post-World War II]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Allied Occupation of Japan--Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP)]]> Iso, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National education Center]]> 2010 January 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> San Francisco, California ]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Japan]]> Iwatake, Nobuaki: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 June 4]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Tokyo, Japan ]]> Education]]> Japan--During World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Iwatake, Nobuaki: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 June 4]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Tokyo, Japan ]]> Military service--Post-World War II service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Asato, Jotoku: narrator]]> Oka, Leonard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui. Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Marysville]]> Murakami, Raymond Shoji: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Falls Church, Virginia ]]>
After Coolidge's father passed away, the family moved to Honolulu. His mother worked hard to support the family. At age fifteen, Coolidge went to the mainland for higher education. He settled in California and found a job as a houseboy. Coolidge attended Berkeley High School.

On December 7, Coolidge attended church and learned the news when he went home. Coolidge did not feel any discrimination when he moved to the mainland. His employer and classmates at high school treated him fairly. The following day after Pearl Harbor, Coolidge went to school. He continued to focus on his educational goals.

When Executive Order 9066 was signed, Coolidge and his brother reported to Tanforan. After three to fourth months in Tanforan, Coolidge was sponsored to leave the camp to go to New York. In 1944 Coolidge graduated high school in New York and applied for college. He attended Grinnell College in Iowa with financial assistance from scholarships and a family from Kauai. After his first year of college, Coolidge was drafted into the military.

Coolidge was inducted at Fort Sheridan and shipped to Camp Blanding, Florida. During basic training, Coolidge made many friends and had a good relationship with everyone.

Overseas, he was assigned to Company B, 3rd Platoon. Coolidge's first battle was in the mountains near Carrara, Italy. After Coolidge's first battle in Italy, he kept moving up the mountains above Leghorn. Coolidge recalls not showering for one month.

Coolidge recalls climbing Po Valley with his gear. Besides climbing the rigorous terrain, food was scarce. Later, the 100th and 442nd were called to France for the Gothic Line because the military needed the left flank to be covered. Coolidge was attached to the 92nd Division.

When the war ended, Coolidge was in the mountains. There were no roads in the mountains. Therefore, airplanes dropped down the rations for them. Being overseas, Coolidge missed hot cook meals. He was living off of C rations and K rations.
]]>
Wakai, Coolidge: narrator]]> Yee, T.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Ichikawa, Grant Hayao: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 July 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Virginia ]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Industry and employment]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Ichikawa, Grant Hayao: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Fairfax, Virginia]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Immigration and citizenship]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--522nd Field Artillery Battalion]]> World War II--European Theater--Central Europe Campaign--Liberation of Dachau Subcamps (522nd Field Artillery Battalion)]]> Nakamura, Shigeru: narrator]]> Mizouchi, J.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 December 09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Tokunaga, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Identity and values]]> Hamanaka, Joseph Ushio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue Washington ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Hamanaka, Joseph Ushio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Hamanaka, Joseph Ushio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Fort Snelling]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education]]> ]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japan]]> Child rearing]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Mano, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]>
Minoru and his siblings helped their father on the farm before and after school. Minoru attended Warm Springs Grammar School and then Washington High School. In addition to attending primary school, he attended Japanese Language School.

When the Miyasaki family was not farming, they would travel around the Bay Area to visit relatives, do Japanese grocery shopping, celebrate festivals, and saw Japanese films.

On December 7, Minoru was at home when he heard the news about Pearl Harbor on the radio. The following day at school, all the Japanese American students were sent home from school and were told to stay home until the war ended. Later, the government issued restrictions such as blackouts, curfew, and travel restrictions.

In pre-war times, Minoru recalled discrimination. His father could not vote and own land. Also, Asians were not allowed to swim in public swimming pools or live in certain neighborhoods. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Minoru and his family evacuated to Tanofran and Topaz, Utah. Minoru graduated High school in Topaz.]]>
Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

In grammar school in Salinas, CA, Robert's first-grade teacher could not pronounce his Japanese name. Therefore, she gives him the name Robert. In school, Robert excels in his studies and plays sports. He says his teachers are his mentors and teach him many things. In addition to attending primary school, Robert attends Japanese Language School.

Before moving to Watsonville, CA, his family lives in Tulare and Speckles. Robert describes his childhood homes in the farming community. Robert spends his free time going to church, watching movies, playing marbles, or playing with his dog. ]]>
Sugimoto, Robert: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Growing up in Salinas, Yoshiro says he is not subjected to discrimination. However, he remembers not being allowed to swim in the public community swimming pool. Although there is no visible signage, Yoshiro says you just know not to go there because of other people's experiences. Later Yoshiro learns how to swim when he goes to Poston.

Yoshiro grows up in different cities in Salinas County. He describes his childhood homes. Yoshiro also discusses his school years from Elementary School to High School. Besides attending primary school, Yoshiro goes to Japanese Language School. At home, he speaks primarily Japanese to his parents.

The day after the Pearl Harbor attack, Yoshiro learns about the news from his father's friends. He discusses the effects of Pearl Harbor on the Japanese American Community.





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Tokiwa, Yoshiro: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Dan is discharged in the fall of 1946. Post-war, Dan goes back to Berkeley to get his master's degree in food science for wine fermentation. He works many jobs before working at the State Department of Health Services as an industrial hygiene chemist until he retires (after twenty-plus years).

Dan is married and has a son. Dan talks about the loyal questionnaire and citizenship.]]>
Uchimoto, Dan: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Dan recalls his childhood and youth working on the farm. There is no time for vacations. During the Great Depression, life is a struggle but Dan's family survives the difficult time.

In the Uchimoto family, there are four children including Dan. Dan is the oldest child. He remembers his two sisters' reaction when he receives his draft notice for the Army. Dan's brother also has a military career but during Occupation forces in Germany.

Dan discusses his school years and discrimination. After graduating high school, he works on the farm to save money to enroll in college. Dan attends the University of California, Berkley.

Dan enjoys stamp collecting, vintage cars, and reading. Dan practices Japanese teaching called Seicho-no-le. He finds this Seicho-no-le helpful and insightful.]]>
Uchimoto, Dan: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Later, Ko's father goes to Japan to get married and returns to the United States. Ko recalls his childhood in Los Angeles, CA. Ko's home life is minimalistic and his parent works hard to provide for their three children (Ko, Chiko, and Akira). Ko describes his father as the disciplinarian and his mother as nurturing. They are very proud of their children.

The success of Sameshima's produce market allows the family to travel to Japan during the Great Depression. For six months the Sameshima family live in Japan. Ko shares his experience of attending a Japanese School.

After returning from Japan, Ko's parents restart their produce market. Ko describes the Crenshaw district during that period. ]]>
Sameshima, Ko Stanley: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

At a USO show, Leo meets an Italian girl name Ebe. Leo and Ebe date for two years before getting married. When the war ends, Leo decides to stay in Italy. Leo shares his story of how he finds a civilian job in the War Department.

Leo and Ebe have a fairytale wedding in Livorno. They have a church ceremony and a reception at Ristorante Republica. Leo and Ebe are married for 52 years and have two children and a grandchild.

Leo moves back to the United States when the Italian offices close. He describes his homecoming experience and introducing his wife to his Issei parents. Leo has the intention to enroll at Idaho University but ends up in the grocery business. He retires in 1998 after being in the grocery business for 52 years.

Leo discusses attending three reunions and gives advice for future generations about a military career. ]]>
Morishita, Leo: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

On a lighter side, Shigeo shares a funny story about the Mess Hall in Marseilles, France. Besides Shigeo serving in the army, his three other brothers have a military career as well. Shigeo's Issei father is very proud of his sons for serving their country.

While overseas, Shigeo says there is a Black Market. He says some hot items go for high prices. As a result, the Army passes a ruling that you can exchange items only 10 percent above your Army pay.

On December 18, 1945, Shigeo is discharged in Oahu, Hawaii, and returns home to Maui. Shigeo is not able to find a good job and reenlist in the Army. He is deployed to the Korean War and is a Battalion Mechanic.

After being discharged from the Korean War, Shigeo is highly decorated with serval awards and medals such as two combat badges, two good conduct medals, and one Bronze Star.

Post-war, Shigeo goes to National School in Los Angeles, California for a year. Eventually, Shigeo gets a position at Northrop Grumman and is promoted several times before retiring. ]]>
Iwamasa, Shigeo: narrator]]> Leivich, Joanne: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Wartime is a heavy discussion. However, in this interview, Ray Wells and Julian Quayles talk about the lighter side of World War Two. Both men highlight areas of v-mail, homecoming, and post-war life.

The USO and V-mail bring high morale to the troops during wartime. Ray and Julian both agree that V-mail is an important aspect of the soldiers' morale. Ray says V-mail is like a piece of their home. There are not many opportunities to write correspondences if you are on the frontline. If you are in the hospital, you have more of a chance to write letters. If you are injured, the Red Cross can assist you with your correspondence(s).

When Ray is in the hospital, he recalls helping another soldier write his correspondence. Both Ray and Julian receive correspondence from their mother while overseas. Ray and Julian say there is censorship when you write your correspondences. You are limited in what you can say.

Both Ray and Julian discuss their homecoming to the mainland. After World War Two, Julian pursues his law degree and starts his practice. Julian remains active in the Military and retires as a Colonel JAG Officer. As for Ray, he goes to Okinawa, Japan, and the Korean War. Moreover, each man becomes a father and have grandchildren.]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles joins the National Guards during his sophomore year in college. He is a part of Company B, 124th Infantry, 31st Division. Julian does his training at Camp Blanding. He describes the living conditions and training.

When Pearl Harbor is attacked on December 7, both Julian and Ray Wells are called to active duty. When Julian and Ray go overseas, they first arrive in Oran, Africa. They share stories of American soldiers being attacked in Africa.

After Africa, Julian and Ray travel to Italy. Ray's first battle is at Mount Rotondo. Julian his capture captured by German soldiers in the town of Persano. ]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Wartime is a heavy discussion. However, in this interview, Ray Wells and Julian Quayles talk about the lighter side of World War Two. Both men highlight areas of v-mail, homecoming, and post-war life.

The USO and V-mail bring high morale to the troops during wartime. Ray and Julian both agree that V-mail is an important aspect of the soldiers' morale. Ray says V-mail is like a piece of their home. There are not many opportunities to write correspondences if you are on the frontline. If you are in the hospital, you have more of a chance to write letters. If you are injured, the Red Cross can assist you with your correspondence(s).

When Ray is in the hospital, he recalls helping another soldier write his correspondence. Both Ray and Julian receive correspondence from their mother while overseas. Ray and Julian say there is censorship when you write your correspondences. You are limited in what you can say.

Both Ray and Julian discuss their homecoming to the mainland. After World War Two, Julian pursues his law degree and starts his practice. Julian remains active in the Military and retires as a Colonel JAG Officer. As for Ray, he goes to Okinawa, Japan, and the Korean War. Moreover, each man becomes a father and has grandchildren.]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Education]]> Fujimoto, Robert: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 March 31]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> Festivals, celebrations, and holidays]]> Iwataki, Kuwashi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 February 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>