After maneuver training, Shigeru says the 442nd is organized with Mainland soldiers and Hawaiian soldiers. Shigeru discusses the relationships between the two groups and a boxing tournament at Camp Shelby.

Shigeru is assigned to the combat medic unit.

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Inouye, Shigeru: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

He also learns he receives the Purple Heart when he is at the hospital in Clinton, IA. In May 1946, Shigeru returns to Honolulu and is discharged from the Army on August 4, 1947. When Shigeru is in the 100th, he is a Private First Class (PFC). Then in January of 1944, he is promoted to Corporal T5. He receives his Sergeant strip at McCormick Hospital.

Post-war, Shigeru spends his time with his friends and makes model airplanes. He is happy to be alive and is grateful. Shigeru shares his thoughts on President Roosevelt and President Truman.


]]>
Inouye, Shigeru: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Social activities]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service]]>
During prewar on Maui, Matsumoto recalls social gathering likes dances. When Pearl Harbor is attack curfew is in place and blackouts. Matsumoto decides to volunteer for service when there is an announcement looking for volunteers for the 442nd Regimental Combat Team.

Matsumoto goes to Schofield Barracks for basic training before going to Camp Shelby. March 3, 1943, Matsumoto joins the military and his family goes to see him off on the boat. Matsumoto remembers the sugar mill gives him a farewell party at Chinese restaurant . At Camp Shelby, he is assign to K Company. He learns infantry training ;heavy weapon platoon; making foxholes; and target training. At basic training, Matsumoto says he gets along with the Mainland boys.

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Matsumoto, Clarence: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> UPS: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 October 04]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Veteran history]]>
Kurahara also participates in Rome-Arno and Bruyeres chasing away the German soldiers. In Bruyeres, when the troops break the line, Kurahara recalls capturing a German soldier who is 17 and is crying. During the campaigns in Europe, Kurahara stays with the Captain on the Communication team to correspond with other companies. The radio man duty consist of three guys to take turns carrying the radio. Initially he trains as a machine gunner but becomes a 100th replacement.

In Livorno-Leghorn, the German soldiers gave up and ran away and in Po Valley they pushed through the enemy lines. Kurahara discusses fate and casualty. He shares stories of soldiers dying from artillery fire. and his close encounter with a shrapnel.]]>
Kurahara, Arthur: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> UPS: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 October 06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

In Chicago, Ken enlists in the Army. After passing his physical exam, he goes to Camp Carson for his induction into the Army. On June 30, Ken reports for active duty at Fort Sill Oklahoma, and travels to Camp Blanding. Ken has seventeen weeks of basic training at Camp Blanding. After his weapons training at Camp Blanding, Ken goes to Camp Kilmer before going overseas. On January 6, Ken leaves with the convoy and lands in Marcé, France.

Even with the distance apart, Ken and Woody maintain their friendship. Ken discusses Woody's service in the Marine and Guadalcanal. ]]>
Tamura, Ken: narrator]]> Lim, Reuben: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

In Italy, Ken is transferred to Company C and becomes a litter bearer. Sometimes the locals will befriend soldiers to get food. Food is valuable during wartime. He shares his experience as a litter bearer, and how a local asks to help carry the litter.

Post-war, Ken's duty changes to processing German soldiers, and has a pass to go to Milan, Italy. ]]>
Tamura, Ken: narrator]]> Lim, Reuben: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Philippine Islands]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]>
When Yenari goes overseas to Manila, he is one of the few who receives a weekend pass. He describes the devastation of Manila from the war and have two opportunities to eat meals with civilians. When some of the Hawaiian soldiers go on leave , Yenari volunteers to go to Okinawa as a paratrooper and he receives the brown star. ]]>
Yenari, Theodore: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> UPS: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 November 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

James is at the frontline for two weeks before the surrendering of German soldiers. He describes the living conditions in the field and what he eats. When the war ends, James is on guard duty before he is ship out to Japan. However, James never goes to Japan because his father is ill.

James returns to the United States in Florida on a dependency discharge. After being discharged, he is sent to Poston before the camp closes in a month.

James and his family moved to Riverside before settling down in Los Angeles. ]]>
Kobayashi, James: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater]]>
After his basic training, Okubo he is sent to Hawaii and receives overseas pay. Back in Hawaii his fellow soldiers are surprise by the Hawaiian hospitality. Okubo discusses the difference between Mainland and Hawaii.

Okubo is assign to the Marines First Division to help with translation and interpretation. Because Okubo is Japanese descent, there are extra precautions taken during wartime. He recalls the invasion of Palau and finding refuge in a foxhole for three days on the beach.

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Okubo, Don: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 January 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]>

Maya also shares how he met his wife at Poston. His grandson, Daniel, served in Germany and did three tours in Iraq. Daniel came home safe.
]]>
Miyamoto, Maya: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank discusses the treatment of African Americans in Mississippi. Frank shares some experiences he sees in Hattiesburg regarding segregation. The people in Hattiesburg are indifferent to the Japanese Americans in the South.

At Camp Shelby, there are mainland and Hawaiian soldiers. Frank addresses the division between the mainlanders and Hawaiian. There are talks of disbandment of the Japanese American unit and Frank explains how the issue is resolved.

Frank goes overseas to Europe. His first artillery fire happens north of Rome and he sees a dead body for the first time. This is a moment he cannot forget. The day after the Last Battalion, Frank encounters a mortar barrage (Vosges Mountain) and is hit in four places on his body. James Okubo (medic) helps him, and Frank wakes up in the hospital.

After being wounded, Frank is on limited service and works in the mortar pool unit. Frank hears the 442nd is going back to Italy and asks his Captain if he can go back with the outfit. Frank receives approval and is assigned back to K Company.

Frank did not interact with civilians much because he is in battle. Frank recalls the civilians knowing the war is over before he did. Frank returns to the United States after a month or two when the war ends. He is discharged at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes back to Seattle, Washington. Shortly after, Frank goes to live in Chicago with his sister. Post-war, Frank gets married and has children.
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Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Paul also goes to high schools and universities to speak to students about evacuation and his military service. Paul is a member of the Nikkei International Association. Nikkei International Association's goal is to maintain the relationship with other Japanese Americans overseas and promote the Japanese heritage. Later, Paul discovers he is part of a Fukushima-Ken Kenjin-Kai.

Paul explains he is active in the community because he likes helping others. Therefore, Paul teaches his children the value of helping others. Although, he does not share his wartime shares with his children. Paul's two daughters were active in the court cases for Gordon Hirabayashi, Fred Korematsu, and Minoru Yasui. Therefore they are familiar with the Japanese American experience.

Paul discusses different ways of recording history through oral histories, books, and photographs. By recording history, the purpose is to retain the experiences of the Nisei to educate others. Paul loves photography and has over 400 albums of photos. He likes to record events of other people through photographs. ]]>
Bannai, Paul: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Clarence and Robert discuss their employment after graduating high school. Clarence works at a lumber mill and Robert is employed at the Hawaiian cannery. Later, Robert works for defense contractors.

Both Clarence and Robert reflect on the Pearl Harbor attack on December 7 and the effects after. Clarence talks about Marshall Law and the restrictions following the attack. Robert says he feels guilty about Pearl Harbor even though he is Japanese American. He recalls his friends looking at him differently after the bombing, and being labeled an enemy alien. Robert's father tells him, this is your home, you need to protect your country.

When the military announcements for volunteers, Clarence decides to volunteer. He takes his physical exam and passes. He goes to Schofield Barracks and departs to the mainland. Robert decides to volunteer to protect his brothers. Both men go to Camp Shelby for basic training. ]]>
Nagata, Robert: narrator
Tamayori, Clarence: narrator]]>
Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Clarence and Robert discuss their experience leaving Hawaii and going to the Mainland. They arrive in Oakland, CA, and go to Mississippi. On the train ride to Mississippi, Clarence says they are ordered to black out the windows.

At Camp Shelby, they have their basic training. Clarence and Robert talk about the differences between the Hawaiian Nisei and Mainland Nisei. To understand the Mainland Nisei, the Hawaiian Nisei goes to visit the internment camps. Clarence goes to Jerome and Robert goes to Rohwer. They each share their perspectives and experience visiting the camps.

In Hattiesburg, Clarence and Robert witness segregation and shares their stories. ]]>
Tamayori, Clarence: narrator
Nagata, Robert: narrator]]>
Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

At a USO show, Leo meets an Italian girl name Ebe. Leo and Ebe date for two years before getting married. When the war ends, Leo decides to stay in Italy. Leo shares his story of how he finds a civilian job in the War Department.

Leo and Ebe have a fairytale wedding in Livorno. They have a church ceremony and a reception at Ristorante Republica. Leo and Ebe are married for 52 years and have two children and a grandchild.

Leo moves back to the United States when the Italian offices close. He describes his homecoming experience and introducing his wife to his Issei parents. Leo has the intention to enroll at Idaho University but ends up in the grocery business. He retires in 1998 after being in the grocery business for 52 years.

Leo discusses attending three reunions and gives advice for future generations about a military career. ]]>
Morishita, Leo: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Dan goes to Camp Blanding, Jacksonville, Florida, for basic training. Basic training is for seventeen weeks long. In Florida, Dan learns about Jim Crow and segregation. Dan shares a story about racism.

He goes to northern Italy in 1945. Dan is assigned to the Rifle Platoon, Company C, 100th Battalion. The 442nd at the time has lost hundreds of men in the Bruyeres Campaign and are resting in Menton while waiting for replacements. Dan joins the 442nd in January 1945. In April 1945, they go to Northern Italy for the final push.

Dan recalls Platoon Sergeant Burt Tanaka allowing him to switch assignments. Three days later, Dan leaves the Riflemen Platoon and joins is in the Weapons Platoon as an ammunition carrier.

During the war in Italy, Dan carries a magazine with him that brings him comfort during combat. He discusses the disadvantages in the Italian Campaign and the life of an Army soldier during wartimes.

When the German soldiers surrender, Dan's company is assigned to guard the prisoners of war. Dan gets to know some of them and says they are nice people. For his service in the Army, Dan receives a Combat Infantryman Badge for 90 days of combat. He also receives a badge for his efforts in the Italian Campaign. In 1945, the atomic bomb is drop-in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and Dan is still in Italy. Dan is not discharged until 1946. ]]>
Uchimoto, Dan: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

In 1944, Kiyoshi volunteers for the 442nd. Kenichi and Yoshiro also want to volunteer, but Kiyoshi says one person from their family is enough. Their mother agrees.

At Amache, a loyalty questionnaire is given to the internees. Kenichi explains his thoughts on the questions and what is a no-no boy. Although, Santa Anita and Amache's security is almost the same. Kenchi says you can leave Amache to go to work. Sometimes Kenichi goes to the nearest city Granada for entertainment.

In camp, Kenichi receives his draft notice and reports to Fort Logan for induction. After, he goes to Camp Blanding for his basic training. While in basic training, Kenichi gets news of his brother Kiyoshi's death. Kenichi returns to Amache for the funeral service.

When Kenichi goes overseas, he understands what war is. He sees causalities first hand. He describes Champagne Campaign, Bruyeres, and the Gothic Line. At the end of the war, Kenichi has a chance to join the Military Intelligence Service (MIS). However, he decides to return to the States and get married.

Post-war, Kenichi marries Yoshiko, and they have been married for 60 years. He works a few jobs before owning seven laundromats.
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Muranaga, Kenichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Kenichi is proud of his family, especially of his brother Kiyoshi. Kenichi says Kiyoshi is a true soldier. Anyone who knows Kiyoshi would say the same. He is an outstanding soldier who goes beyond the call of duty.

Kenichi recalls his family receiving a letter that Kiyoshi's Department of the Army Civilian Award (DAC) is upgraded to the Medal of Honor. The whole Muranaga family travels to Washington DC for the ceremony.

On the day of the ceremony, there are at least 20 recipients of the Medal of Honor. Kenichi discusses the contribution of the Nisei legacy and what it means to be in a segregated unit.

Although the government gives reparations, Kenichi shares his sentiments on the issue.

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Muranaga, Kenichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

As a child, Ray lived in Japan for a few years after his mother passed away. He learned how to speak and about Japanese culture in his formative years. In 1947, Ray went to Military Intelligence Service Language School for six months.

After completing the Military Intelligence Language School, Ray went to the occupation in Japan and landed in Yokohama. He went to Camp Zama and then to Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS). Ray waited for a month at ATIS to get his permanent assignment before going to Maizuru.

In Maizuru, Ray interpreted for the doctor and translated documents the POWs wrote. When he was not working, he made friends and traveled. Ray also visited his uncle who was a famous photographer.

After Maizuru, Ray went to Mie-ken on a four-month temporary duty assignment. His duty was to surveillance the black market activities on staple foods. Ray was an interpreter and translated when the Japanese police spoke to the locals. He was the backup for the Japanese police.
]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Tony arrives back in Kyushu, Japan, after Manchuria. He visits several areas in Japan. He goes to Kyoto to see what Japan would look like pre-war. Kyoto is the only city not bombed during World War Two because there were no war industries, and Kyoto is not a military center.

In May 1946, one of the other interpreters visits his family in Hiroshima, and Tony goes with him. Tony describes the devastation of the atomic bomb. The hills are blackened, and all the buildings are destroyed. Tony says it is a sight you can never forget. Despite the destruction of Hiroshima, the locals are trying to survive. In contrast, Tokyo has a few standing buildings.

Tony is discharged from the Army in December 1946. He attends the University of Washington and joins the reserves to make extra money, and the Korean War starts. However, Tony is not called to active duty due to his classification. Tony graduates college in June and is hired to be an Air Force interrogator in Tokyo, Japan.

Japan has changed drastically change from 1946 to 1951. Almost all the damages from the bombing are repaired. With the Korean War happening, the American Army needs the assistance of Japan. Tony says Japan is a tremendous help with the Korean War. In Japan, Tony's job is to interrogate Japanese soldier prisoners from Siberia. The Japanese prisoners have all of the strategic intel from working in the area. The American air Forces is in dire need of this information because of the Cold War.

Tony is in Japan from 1951 to 1956. Tony is an interrogator until the Peace Treaty is signed. Afterward, he works on special projects such as invasion and escapes studies for aircrews as a Department of Air Force (DAF). Later, he becomes a historian at Headquarters Pacific Air Forces and documents current Air Force History.

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Koura, Tony: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

On April 24, the Chinese assaulted Hershey's squad, and he gave orders for his men to withdraw. Hershey covered for his men to escape. He was wounded and captured by the Chinese soldiers. At the POW camp, Hershey describes the living conditions he endured for 27 and a half months. He did not get proper nourishment, medical attention, and warm clothing. To avoid wood cutting detail, Hershey became the barber in camp.

In 1952 the peace talks started, and the names of the POWs were released. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War. The Medal of Honor changed many aspects of Hershey's life, and he spoke at many events. As a fellow American of Japanese ancestry, Japanese Americans are just as dedicated to the United States as any other American. Hershey felt the training and his fellow soldiers helped him, but there was a higher being that guided him through the war experience.

Hershey was not religious when his mother passed away. However, he returned to his faith and religion helped Hershey get through his war experience, POW life, and post-war.



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Miyamura, Hiroshi "Hershey"; narrator]]> Yamazaki, Christine; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-07-24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Hershey's wife, Terry, learned he was a POW in 1952 when the government released the names of the POWs. Hershey was allowed to write letters to Terry. However, the Chinese government censored the letters.

Hershey made friends at the POW camp. He learned to sing Japanese songs and Hiragana. To help pass the time, Hershey and other POWs discussed food shared recipes.

During the first month in camp, everyone went through interrogation and wrote an autobiography. The camp Hershey was at was also known as a reactionary camp. Hershey and the other POWs were given communist literature and had discussions.

Hershey learned they would be released. He recalls crossing the border and seeing the American flag. Hershey was in a state of shock because for a year and a half, he heard they would be going home, and now it was happening.

After leaving the POW camp, Hershey spent a week in Inchon, Korea, before going home. In Gallup, Hershey was surprised by a welcoming parade with dignitaries, jets, and the Gallup community.

After receiving the Medal of Honor, Hershey's life changed. Being a Medal of Honor recipient, Hershey felt his duty was to show the country his gratitude and what the medal represents. The recognition signifies the millions of soldiers that survived and died for their service.

Post-war, Hershey worked a few jobs before working at a service station for 25 years. Terry has three children (two sons and one daughter) and four grandchildren. Hershey and Terry's children and grandchildren are doing well and are healthy.

Hershey wants to share with the future generations about voting and learning about the Korean War history. For the recipients who were upgraded to the Medal of Honor, Hershey felt it was too late, but it is better than not getting the recognition they deserve. All these men deserve citations and awards for their accomplishments.



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Miyamura, Hiroshi "Hershey"; narrator]]> Yamazaki, Christine; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-07-24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>