In 1939, their parents returned to Japan and moved back to Chicago, IL, after the war for a few years. Michael and Jimmy's parents decided to settle back in Japan because all their friends were there. Michael and Jimmy describe their parents as gentle and caring.

Although their parents were Buddhist, the children were raised as Christian. A traditional holiday celebrated in the house was New Year. The children were taught well and grew up to be good citizens.

Michael and Jimmy discuss their school years and participating in sports. At home Michael and Jimmy help with house chores or farm work. Their oldest brother had two produce stores, and Michael helped. Michael and Jimmy recall December 7 and the aftermath that followed.

Jimmy recollects his Sunday School Teacher saying he was American. The following day, Jimmy's friends treated him differently at lunchtime, and he ate lunch alone. Although some people treated the Japanese Americans as an outcast, the Oxnard community treated the Japanese Americans well.

Almost a month after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Michael was drafted. He went to San Pedro, Camp MacArthur, before going to Rockford, IL. The Japanese American soldiers were assigned to the Medical Training Center, where Michael trained to be a medic and worked in a hospital as an attendant.

Later, Michael went to Camp Blanding, Florida, to be a replacement for the 442nd. Michael transitioned from being a medic to an infantryman. After completing training, he went overseas to be a replacement for the 100th and 442nd.
]]>
Doi, Jimmy: narrator]]> Doi, Michael John: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-03-07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

The community of Gallup after the Pearl Harbor attack did not blame the Japanese Americans for the bombing. Shortly after December 7, law enforcement came to Hershey's home and confiscated the radio and camera. Some of the men in Gallup tried to volunteer but were labeled 4C "enemy alien." They had to wait to receive a draft notice to serve in the Army.

In January 1944, Hershey was drafted into the Army. Hershey tried to volunteer a year earlier but was not accepted. After getting the draft notice, Hershey reported to Camp Blanding, Florida, and Camp Shelby, Mississippi, for training.

Hershey discusses the relationship between the Hawaiian soldiers and the Mainland soldiers. Hershey made friends easily and got along with the Hawaiian soldiers.

When the 442nd replacement was leaving for overseas, seven soldiers and Hershey stayed behind due to their age. Then Hershey was assigned to the 100th Battalion, D Company, the heavy weapons company. Hershey then took 13 weeks of heavy weapons basic training.

Later, Hershey was attached to the 171st Separate Battalion. After arriving in Naples, Italy, Hershey learned the war ended in Europe. Hershey was assigned to guard the POWs and military and medical supplies.

Hershey spent most of his time in Italy except when he went on furlough to Switzerland. When Hershey returned to the mainland, there were festivities welcoming home the soldiers. Hershey reported to Fort Meade for his discharge, but he reenlisted for the Army Reserve for three years. ]]>
Miyamura, Hiroshi "Hershey"; narrator]]> Yamazaki, Christine; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-07-24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Enoch's brother Jimmy was already in the Army when Enoch and the rest of the family went to the Assembly Center. Enoch and his family stayed at the Assembly Center for several months before relocating to Minidoka. At Minidoka, there were guard towers with guards. Enoch said Minidoka was similar to a prison camp.

Later the Kanaya family members left their separate ways. Ruby got married, and Enoch's parents went to Chicago for work. Enoch received his draft notice and completed his basic training at Camp Blanding, Florida. At Camp Blanding, Enoch was assigned to F Company, 2nd Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team.

After basic training as a replacement, Enoch traveled overseas on the RMS Aquitania. He landed in Scotland and traveled to France. In France, the 442nd replacements were tasked to protect the alps from the Germans. The German soldiers were defending this area, and the serval division tried to penetrate the line with no success. Enoch described his experience breaking the Gothic Line.

]]>
Kanaya, Enoch; narrator]]> Yamagami, Don; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006-06-25]]> Oral Histories]]>

At school, there were not many Japanese American students. The first part of Enoch’s school years was at a country school. After moving to the city, he attended a city school district. Enoch also attends Japanese Language School briefly. On the weekends, Enoch helped his father at the family store.

Besides school and helping his father, Enoch had a carefree childhood enjoying cowboy movies and watching sports games. He describes having fun exploring different Naval ships during Navy Week in Portland. Moreover, Enoch was social in the Japanese Community through the Medothist Church.

On December 7, Enoch’s life changed like many other Japanese Americans. Soon after the Declaration of War, restrictions were issued for a curfew and turned in weapons and radios. Enoch was unsure of the future. In April 1942, Enoch and his family arrived at the Assembly Center. Enoch recalls hearing news about the draft and receiving his 4C card from the Draft Board in Minidoka. ]]>
Kanaya, Enoch; narrator]]> Yamagami, Don; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006-06-25]]> Oral Histories]]>

In January of 1932, Gary's mother takes the children to Japan to plan their future arrangements with the family elders. Gary describes Japanese customs and how some of his siblings were raised in Japan by relatives. Gary and his older brother return to the United States and grows up in Lodi, CA, a farming community.

Gary discusses his school years from elementary school to high school. In his free time, he likes playing baseball and watching movies. On Sundays, Gary attends Buddhist Church and Sunday School.

When Pearl Harbor is attacked, Gary recalls the aftermath of the evacuation. As an American citizen, he never imagined he would be evacuated to camp. ]]>
Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

During World War II, like some Japanese American soldiers, Willie faces struggles with promotions within the military. The only option is to transfer to different units. At the time Battle of the Bulge starts, Willie is approved to transfer and joins 171st Infantry Separate.

Willie discusses his duties and departments within the military. He works in the personnel department and post-war in supplies. After the war, Willie stays with the military. His decision is based on the way he is treated as an equal by his colleagues. Although there are some racist individuals, there are more people who see past his ethnicity.

During Occupation in Germany, Willie stays there from 1945 to 1953. He describes the effects of war on the cities and how the cities start to rebuilding economically. He also mentions the Hermann Goring and Rudolph Hess’s trial and the German gang Werewolves.

In 1946, Willie works in a supply depot in Munich. There are two supply depots. One is called Indiana Supply Depot (food) and the other is called Alabama Supply Deport (clothing). When troop's dependents came over to Germany, the BMW factory becomes furniture storage for dependents. As the economy starts thriving, the BMW asked for their factory back to build cars. Besides working in the military, Willie finds himself lucky in love and marries a German woman. They have been married for 53 years.]]>
Tanamachi, Willie: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer
]]>
Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006-05-19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Houston, Texas]]>
Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Community activities]]> Social activities]]> Tanigawa,Hitoshi: narrator]]> Japanese American Service Committee: publisher]]> Japanese Service Committee]]> 2008]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Tanigawa, Hitoshi: narrator
]]>
Japanese American Service Committee: publisher]]> Japanese American Service Committee ]]> 2008]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]>
Military service]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Aleutian Islands Campaign]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Race--Discrimination]]> Tanakatsubo, Fred: narrator
]]>
Japanese American Service Committee: publisher ]]> Japanese American Service Committee]]> 2008]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago, Illinois ]]>
Identity and values]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Heart Mountain]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Manzanar]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Conflicts, intimidation, and violence]]> World War II--Loyalty Questionnaire--protest]]> Kunitomi, Yoshisuke Jack: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-04-21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]> Education--Primary education]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Gila River]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education--Secondary education]]> Nakamura, Yoshio: narrator]]> Iketani, Todd: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005-08-20]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> West Covina, California]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Gila River]]> Military service--Pre-World War II service]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath--Personal recollections]]> Fujimoto, Yoshito: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-06-27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> West Covina, California]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp McCoy]]> Identity and values--Issei]]> Kamishita, Seiso: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-10-07]]> eng]]> cpe]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> Japan--Pre-World War II]]> Military service--Pre-World War II service]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Kamishita, Seiso: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-10-07]]> eng]]> cpe]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> World War II--Military service]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> World War II--Mass Removal ("Evacuation")]]> Kato, Min: narrator]]> Kato, Sue: narrator ]]> Akahoshi, C.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 June 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Canyon Lake, California]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Topaz (Central Utah)]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater]]> Tominaga, Mitsuo: narrator]]> Okura, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1998-08-30]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> Education--Secondary education]]> Identity and values--American Japanese]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Identity and values--Issei]]> Togashi, John: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1998-08-29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Awards, medals]]> Industry and employment--Educators]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater]]> Akaka, Daniel: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008-04-14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Washington D.C. ]]> ]]> Education--Higher education]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> Identity and values--Issei]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--Department of Justice Internment Camps--Fort Missoula]]> Abe, Victor: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999-11-14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]> World War II--Military recruitment--Military Intelligence Service (MIS)]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath--Personal recollections]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps]]> Wakai, Theodore: narrator]]> Iketani, Todd: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005-08-06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Camarillo, California]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Industry and employment--Hotel industry]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Rohwer]]> Saiki, Barry: narrator]]> Swee, Roger: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005-05-01]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Rancho Cordova, California]]> Race--Discrimination]]> Race--Segregation]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Nisei soldiers]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Tamae, Seiki: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-11-21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California]]> Education--Secondary education]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Immigration and citizenship]]> Military service--Post-World War II Occupation of Japan]]> Identity and values--Nisei]]> Tamae, Seiki: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-11-21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California]]> Identity and values--American Japanese]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Tule Lake]]> Race--Discrimination]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Mitsui, Sam: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bob: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Topaz (Central Utah)]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Tanforan]]> Murakami, Mary Tamaki: narrator]]> Horsting, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Virginia ]]>
During wartime, Tom worked at Mitsubishi. Tom explained there were no opportunities for Nisei to be an engineer in the United States. To work for Mitsubishi, Tom had to regain his Japanese citizenship. In doing so, he lost his American citizenship.

Tom learned his family was doing ok after Pearl Harbor after receiving a note in a package from his mother. After the war, airmail was allowed between the United States and Japan.

After working at Mitsubishi, Tom worked for a chemical engineering construction company. Later, he received an offer to work for Kenwood. To work in the United States, Tom got his Green Card. For the latter part of Tom's career, he worked for Kenwood in the United States. He retired from Kenwood after ten years. Tom also went to Oak Ridge, the Secret City to discuss atomic energy.

Tom describes the different chapters of his life, from growing up in the United States, working in Japan after college, and returning to the United States to work. Being a Nisei helped him after the war. Japanese companies wanted his ability to speak English and Japanese. Tom also learned the business as a Nisei and as a Japanese. He felt fortunate to be accepted as a Japanese and a Japanese American.]]>
Umeda, Tom Shigetoki: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Nishijima, Kadsuo: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 August 13]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Salt Lake City, Utah]]> Identity and values--American Japanese]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons--Interrogation]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Japan--Okinawa Island]]> Yanamura, Herbert: narrator]]> Tsukiyama, Ted: interviewer]]> Tanabe, James: interviewer]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii]]> 2009-11-02]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pomona]]> Uno, Raymond: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 August 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Salt Lake City, Utah ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Matsuda, Irvin: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008-07-08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Golden, Colorado ]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Granada (Amache) Amache, Colorado]]> World War II--Draft resisters]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Yenokida, Susumu: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 July 06]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Colorado, Denver]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> Shiosaki, Jun: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 June 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Idaho ]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Japan--Okinawa Island]]> World War II--Civilian relief]]> Tanaka, Shigenobu: narrator]]> Tanabe, James: interviewer]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii: publisher]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii]]> circa 2006]]> eng]]> cpe]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Military service]]> Religion and churches]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Veterans]]> World War II--France]]> Black, Millard: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001-01-20]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Military service]]> Araki, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 October 07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education]]> Riess, Gordon: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 June 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Kuida, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Sueki, Lisa: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 June 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Japan--During World War II]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki]]> Yamamoto, Albert: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 June 09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Roseville, Minnesota ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--China-Burma-India Theater]]> Uesato, Toshi: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 March 18]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Gila River]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Philippine Islands]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Identity and values]]> Fujimoto, Fred: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 March 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Elk Grove, California ]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japan--Okinawa]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons--Interrogation]]> Kouke, Roy: narrator]]> Tanabe, James: interviewer]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii: publisher]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii]]> 2003-04-07]]> eng]]> cpe]]> jpn]]> Oral Histories]]> Kohale, Hawaii]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> World War II--Awards, medals]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Hawaii]]> World War II--Military service]]> Kobashigawa, Yeiki: narrator]]> Hashisaka, Ann: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000-06-12]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]>
Ray attended Coronado High School and got good grades. He credits his education in Japan for doing well in high school. In addition to Ray's academic studies, he was elected student body treasurer and ran track. Ray was popular with his peers and had many friends.

On December 7, 1941, Ray's life changed when Pearl Harbor was attacked. Many of Ray's friends treated him differently at school, and Ray was forcibly removed to Santa Anita Assembly Center and then to Poston, AZ.

Ray relocated alone because his father was in Crystal City, Texas, and his older brother volunteered for the Army in 1942. Life in the camp was tough, and Ray had to care for himself.

Ray graduated from high school in the camp and left Poston to work in Chicago, IL. Soon after, he found a better job working as a bookkeeper. Ray saved enough money to attend the University of Minnesota, and when his finances ran low, he volunteered for the Army.

Ray started his career as an auditor working in Japan at the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) during the occupation. Next, he was a translator in Tokyo civil service and Okinawa civil service. Ray's second time in Japan was with the Air Force Audit Agency and working around Asia. When Ray retired, Northrop offered him a job and traveled to Korea, Saudi Arabia, and various states in the United States for auditing.

In Ray's retirement years, he enjoys playing golf and going on cruises. Ray has been married to the love of his life for 57 years and has three children and three grandchildren. Ray hopes his grandchildren have a good education and a job they enjoy. For the future of America, he hopes there are no more wars.]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Japan--Pre-World War II]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--U.S. Army Internment Camps--Honouliuli]]> Urata, Harry: narrator]]> Niiya, Brian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Australia (Allied Translator and Interpreter Section)]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Philippine Islands]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --New Guinea Campaign]]> Muranaka, Reynold: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 November 08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Lakewood, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Education]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Muranaka, Reynold: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 November 08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Lakewood, Washington ]]> Education]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Takehara, Kenneth: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 November 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Houston, Texas]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Hilty, Joe: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 October 31]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Oishi, Hal: narrator]]> Dennehy, Kristine: interviewer]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 18]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Goodall, Oliver: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Alameda, Califorina ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Identity and values]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Social activities]]> Hayashi, Shigeru: narrator]]> Sameshima, Hitoshi: narrator]]> Kunitomo, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 10]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> California ]]>
Another social event is movies at the Japanese Community Center or going to the movie theater. The churches also have social events for the Japanese American Communities.

During their school years, they did not recall hearing much about world events. They remember Joe is a good student and he enjoys repairing things. Chiye shares how Joe signs up for the Army.

Chiye and Seichi recall Pearl Harbor and December 7. ]]>
Watanabe, Chiye: narrator]]> Hayashi, Henry: narrator]]> Nakawatase, Seiichi: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Jumpei grows up in Montebello and helps his father with farming. Jumpei's favorite sport is baseball. He has one sister, Chizuko, and one brother, Kay.

Jumpei discusses his school years from attending Laguna Elementary School in Montebello, high school, and Japanese Language School. His favorite activity at school is sports, especially baseball. During his free time, he rides his bike, goes hiking, and participates in Boy Scouts. On Sundays, he attends Christian Church in Montebello.

In 1939, he graduated high school and continued to help his father with farming. Jumpei recalls the Pearl Harbor aftermath. Jumpei's family goes to Santa Anita Assembly Center when evacuation orders are announced. After six months, Jumpei goes to Detroit, MI, for work, and then he is drafted into the Army.

After basic training, Jumpei goes overseas to Europe. He is assigned to Company D, Heavy Weapons. He shares a story of how his Squad Leader keeps the unit safe from the German soldiers.

When the war ends, Jumpei stays in Italy for three months before returning back to the United States. He goes to Chicago to reunite with his parents. Post-war, Jumpei looks for mechanic work.





]]>
Mine, Jumpei: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Fujimoto, Fumio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Fujimoto, Fumio: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Chicago ]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Philippine Islands]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Nagano, Jack: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> California ]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> World War II--Military service]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Onoda, Bright: narrator]]> Onoda, Sam]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 November 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Glenview, Illinois]]> World War II--Japan--Okinawa Island]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons--Interrogation]]> World War II--Occupied territories]]> Nakagawa, Kenichi: narrator]]> Tanabe, James: interviewer]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii: publisher]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii]]> 2002-03-12]]> eng]]> cpe]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Education]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Yamada, Kazuhiko: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Akune, Kenjiro: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 March 05]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>
Frank's grandfather is a farmer, and Frank's father briefly works on the farm until he gets another job. Both Frank's parents work in private homes and live at the employer's home. Frank's parents are hard-working and work six days a week.

During the Great Depression, Frank says life is not difficult because his parents have a stable job. Although his parents are always working, they do have time off to spend with family and friends. Frank says New Year is a festive holiday with Japanese food and family.

At school, Frank's favorite subjects are art and music. He plays numerous instruments from the violin, saxophone to the clarinet. He recalls performing at the World Fair with his school band.

Frank's childhood activities consist of games, marbles, movies, and listening to adventure shows on the radio.

On December 7, Frank remembers listening to the radio and hearing the news broadcast about Pearl Harbor. Frank and his parents and the bus driver from the Japanese School decide to go to Ridley (the safe zone).

]]>
Hiratsuka, Frank: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Japan--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Post-World War II service]]> Industry and employment]]> Miyahara, Maki: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Pomona]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Miyahara, Maki: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Military service]]> World War II]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Medals]]> World War II--Hawaii]]> Hayashi, Shizuya: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000-06-11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Loyalty Questionnaire]]> World War II--Military recruitment]]> Ouchi, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
When Pearl Harbor was attacked, James was a sophomore in high school. He recalls evacuation and going to the Portland Stockyards. Later the family volunteers to work on a farm in Nyssa, OR, pulling sugar beets.

In Nyssa, James was on a boxing team in high school, and he also played baseball. James's boxing class was 120, and his record was five draws and five wins (within two years).

The Farming Servicing Administration (FSA) ran the tent camp in Nyssa. James recalls the housing was awful. However, his mother took the responsibility of cooking the meals and making the tent space livable for the family. The Fujii family lived at the tent camp for two years, and James recalled the winter months being cold.

At Nyssa, there were many people from Troutdale and Gresham area. Ten miles away from Nyssa, there was a CCC camp. The families from Nyssa were supposed to move there in the third year. However, the war ended. The CCC camp was an upgrade from Nyssa's tent camp.

While the Fujii family was at Nyssa, James' brother, Kazuo, went into service and visited the family on furlough. James recalls that wartime changed Kazuo's personality.

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Fujii, James: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Ray emphasizes the value of family and friendship. He says relationships are important to him. During his school years, he recalls influential teachers and friends that impacted his life.

When Ray is in the seventh grade, he travels to Japan with his mother to visit his ill grandmother. Ray is gone for several months. However, he can catch up with his school assignments. Besides primary school, Ray attends Japanese Language School.

Ray recalls December 7 and going to the assembly center. Ray's family tries to stay together as long as they can. However, they go their separate ways. Ray is drafted and goes to Camp Hood and Fort Snelling. ]]>
Shiiki, Ray: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath--Personal recollections]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Japan--Okinawa Island]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Mitsumori, Theodore: narrator]]> Shiroue, Yoshinobu: interviewer]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii: publisher]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii]]> eng]]> cpe]]> Oral Histories]]> Waipahu, Hawaii]]> Education]]> Japan--During World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Iwatake, Nobuaki: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 June 4]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Tokyo, Japan ]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Education]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Asato, Jotoku: narrator]]> Oka, Leonard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--France]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Ohta, Francis Mitsuo: narrator]]> Nagoshi, F.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Marysville]]> Murakami, Raymond Shoji: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Falls Church, Virginia ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Yamasaki, Edward M.: narrator]]> Tsukiyama, T.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 December 7]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Shima, Terry T.: narrator]]> Horsting, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Washington, D.C.]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Turlock]]> Ichikawa, Grant Hayao: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Fairfax, Virginia ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Military service--Varsity Victory Volunteers]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath--Personal recollections]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Nagao, Wallace: narrator]]> Tsukiyama, Ted: interviewer]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii: publisher]]> Military Intelligence Service Veterans Club of Hawaii]]> 2006-06-07]]> eng]]> cpe]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Minidoka]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Puyallup]]> Tokunaga, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education]]> ]]> Fukuhara, Francis Masateru: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Murumoto, Kimitomo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Bellevue, Washington ]]> Oral Histories]]>
Kenichi has the utmost respect and appreciation for his father. He says his father is hardworking to provide for the family. Kenichi comes from a family of nine siblings. Kenichi discusses his childhood and his school years in Gardena.

Life changes for Kenichi and his family Kenichi after the Pearl Harbor attack. He recalls the aftermath and the announcement of Executive Order 9066 (EO9066). The Muranaga family evacuates to Santa Anita Assembly Center and then Amache, CO.

Kenichi leaves camp to work at a few jobs before getting drafted into the Army. When Kenichi is in basic training, he receives news of his oldest brother, Kiyoshi's death overseas. ]]>
Muranaga, Kenichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

On the day of the evacuation, the Japanese American families living in Irvington met at the school ground and went to Tanforan on the Greyhound bus. Minoru describes the living conditions in the horse stables and assembling their straw mattress.

Minoru and his family left Tanforan after a few months, and they were sent to Topaz, Utah, by train. Arriving at Topaz, there were barbed wires and guard towers at Topaz. Minoru describes the living conditions and life in the camp. Besides attending classes, Minoru worked clearing the sagebrush.

In Topaz, a loyalty questionnaire was given to all the internees. Minoru's father did not answer questions 27 and 28 and was sent to Tule Lake. Minoru went to Tule Lake to visit his father, but he left for farming in Idaho with George and Harry. After Minoru was reclassified 1A, he was drafted into the Military. Minoru remembered leaving Topaz at night to Fort Douglas due to the Kibeis.

At Fort Douglas, Minoru took his physical exam and requested to join the Air Force. Minoru was declined for the Air Force but was accepted for the Military. Later Minoru went to Camp Shelby and was shocked by how different it is from California. After weeks of training, Minoru picked up the Hawaiian language.

Post-war, Minoru revisited Topaz, Utah, and saw a plaque with the names who served in the Military. However, many names were missing including Minoru and his brothers. There was a petition to add the missing names.





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Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Minoru and his siblings helped their father on the farm before and after school. Minoru attended Warm Springs Grammar School and then Washington High School. In addition to attending primary school, he attended Japanese Language School.

When the Miyasaki family was not farming, they would travel around the Bay Area to visit relatives, do Japanese grocery shopping, celebrate festivals, and saw Japanese films.

On December 7, Minoru was at home when he heard the news about Pearl Harbor on the radio. The following day at school, all the Japanese American students were sent home from school and were told to stay home until the war ended. Later, the government issued restrictions such as blackouts, curfew, and travel restrictions.

In pre-war times, Minoru recalled discrimination. His father could not vote and own land. Also, Asians were not allowed to swim in public swimming pools or live in certain neighborhoods. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Minoru and his family evacuated to Tanofran and Topaz, Utah. Minoru graduated High school in Topaz.]]>
Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Robert packs his bags and goes to San Francisco, CA. He reports to Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi. At Keesler, Robert is in mechanic school, with no basic training. He works as an airplane mechanic short term before he is transferred to Camp Blanding Hospital as an X-ray technician.

Robert says his friends are drafted before him and faces discrimination in the military after Pearl Harbor. He shares stories of their experiences. The following day of the Pearl Harbor attack, Robert says everyone treated him the same. He did not experience any discrimination or mistreatment like his friends.

Robert is at Camp Shelby for four weeks. He reunites with his friends from home. After four weeks, Robert receives new orders to report to the Headquarters Company part of the 442nd. He gets a one-way ticket to Camp Savage. He discusses the relationship between the Mainland soldiers and the Hawaiian soldiers.
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Sugimoto, Robert: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Few days after the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese Americans' status changes to 4C, enemy aliens. In addition, there are restrictions such as traveling and curfew hours.

Yoshiro recalls preparing and leaving for evacuation when President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066. The Tokiwa family goes to the Salinas Assembly Center and then to Poston, Arizona. Yoshiro says they are only allowed to bring what they can carry.

At Poston, Yoshiro works as a security guard and then in the agriculture department. In camp, all the internees are given a loyalty questionnaire. Yoshiro explains the no-no boys and deportation.

In 1944, Yoshiro is drafted. He shares his experience of being inducted and going to basic training at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Yoshiro discusses the segregation in Mississippi.

At the end of Yoshiro's military career, he is a Technician 5th Grade (Corporal level). Yoshiro is discharged from the Army in January 1947, from Camp Beale, CA.
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Tokiwa, Yoshiro: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Growing up in Salinas, Yoshiro says he is not subjected to discrimination. However, he remembers not being allowed to swim in the public community swimming pool. Although there is no visible signage, Yoshiro says you just know not to go there because of other people's experiences. Later Yoshiro learns how to swim when he goes to Poston.

Yoshiro grows up in different cities in Salinas County. He describes his childhood homes. Yoshiro also discusses his school years from Elementary School to High School. Besides attending primary school, Yoshiro goes to Japanese Language School. At home, he speaks primarily Japanese to his parents.

The day after the Pearl Harbor attack, Yoshiro learns about the news from his father's friends. He discusses the effects of Pearl Harbor on the Japanese American Community.





]]>
Tokiwa, Yoshiro: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--232nd Combat Engineer Company]]> Kimura, Shoichi: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 October 14]]> eng ]]> Oral Histories]]> Richmond, California]]>
Ko discusses the media reports following days after the Pearl Harbor attack. He says the media exaggerated the news to instill fear. However, Ko and his family continue with daily life as normal. The customers at Ko's parents' produce market show sympathy and concern towards the Sameshima family. Ko says there are no signs of discrimination.

When Executive Order 9066 (EO9066) is announced, Ko's parents and himself have separate struggles they face. Ko's parents go to Amache, Colorado, and Ko tries to transfer to a University on the East Coast. On the East Coast, Ko witnesses segregation and shares his sentiments.

Ko graduates from the University of Texas and is reclassified from 4C to 1A. Before being drafted for service, Ko volunteers to be an internee at Amache, to care for his parents. Ko recalls his experience at Camp Snelling and Military Intelligence Language School.

In 1945, the war ends, and Ko is commissioned to go to Manila, Philippines, for war crime trials and then to Tokyo, Japan, for occupation. Ko's parents leave Amache and move to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ]]>
Sameshima, Ko Stanley: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

After the Pearl Harbor attack, there are some restrictions in place. One of them being curfew time. Leo's basketball coach has to get a permit for Leo to be out past curfew to participate in the basketball game. Later, President Truman signs Executive Order 9066 placing thousands of Japanese Americans into camp. Leo discusses the effects of EO9066 and his family in Salinas, California. Leo's family farm also is searched by the FBI.

Before volunteering for service, Leo attends Northern Montana College for a year. The Morishita family is proud of Kenzo, Leo, and Yukata for joining the Army. The Morishita brothers are inducted at Fort Douglas, Utah. Leo does don't leave at the same time with his brothers because of his feet. Leo joins Kenzo and Yutaka six weeks later at Camp Shelby.

At Camp Shelby, Leo does nine months of basic training, He describes the different training he learns and the discrimination in the South. Even though there is discrimination, there is one kind person Leo meets. He shares his story about Earl Finch and his acts of kindness towards the Nisei.

Overseas, Leo lands in Naples, Italy, and learns there is a need for riflemen. He is no longer a medic. Leo is given a browning automatic rifle.]]>
Morishita, Leo: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Leo grows up on the farm with four siblings. In Idaho Falls, there is a Japanese School that Leo attends after primary school and on Saturdays. Besides school, Leo participates in sports. On Sundays, Leo would attend Mormon Church but later attends a Methodist Church.

At home, Leo speaks primarily Japanese. He enjoys listening to the radio, hunting, and fishing. On New Year, Leo's mother prepares a special meal and invites friends to their house.

After the Pearl Harbor attack, Leo recalls curfews and restrictions that are enforced. ]]>
Morishita, Leo: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Growing up, Shigeo has an active childhood. He works on the plantation with his father growing food, harvesting crops, school projects, and working part-time on the golf course as a caddie service. Although the Iwamasa family did not have a lot of money, Shigeo says they live an honorable life and are happy.

Shigeo reflects on the Pearl Harbor attack and the start of his Military Service. The process of enlisting happens quickly, and Shigeo regrets not telling his parents goodbye. Shigeo travels to the mainland and does basic training at Camp Shelby. At basic training, Shigeo makes friends with some of the mainland soldiers. One of his good friends is Shichizo Toyota. Shigeo discusses their friendship and the impact Shichizo makes on him.

After a year of basic training, Shigeo is shipped overseas to France. Overseas, Shigeo gets measles and is hospitalized. When Shigeo recovers, he receives orders to be a driver for a Major General. ]]>
Iwamasa, Shigeo: narrator]]> Leivich, Joanne: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles joins the National Guards during his sophomore year in college. He is a part of Company B, 124th Infantry, 31st Division. Julian does his training at Camp Blanding. He describes the living conditions and training.

When Pearl Harbor is attacked on December 7, both Julian and Ray Wells are called to active duty. When Julian and Ray go overseas, they first arrive in Oran, Africa. They share stories of American soldiers being attacked in Africa.

After Africa, Julian and Ray travel to Italy. Ray's first battle is at Mount Rotondo. Julian his capture captured by German soldiers in the town of Persano. ]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles joins the National Guards during his sophomore year in college. He is a part of Company B, 124th Infantry, 31st Division. Julian does his training at Camp Blanding. He describes the living conditions and training.

When Pearl Harbor is attacked on December 7, both Julian and Ray Wells are called to active duty. When Julian and Ray go overseas, they first arrive in Oran, Africa. They share stories of American soldiers being attacked in Africa.

After Africa, Julian and Ray travel to Italy. Ray's first battle is at Mount Rotondo. Julian his capture captured by German soldiers in the town of Persano. ]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Education]]> Identity and values]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Wilson, Jack Wayne: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-07-09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> San Antonio, Texas]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Festivals, celebrations, and holidays]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Tsuji, Isami Mike: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 February 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> Tsuji, Isami Mike: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 February 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> Race--Discrimination]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Iwataki, Kuwashi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 February 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Education]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Inouye, Masato: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 February 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>
Seichi describes growing up on a plantation in Molokai and being near a Leper Colony. Seichi attends Molokai Elementary School, Molokai Intermediate School, and Molokai High School. Throughout his school years, he participates in sports and the plantation league.

After graduating High School, he works on the plantation at the auto repair shop. He recalls December 7, and the restrictions that are in effect after the Pearl Harbor attack. Seichi volunteers for the military. When he passes his physical he is sent to Schofield barracks.

Seichi goes overseas to the Mainland for basic training at Camp Shelby. Seichi discusses his basic training experience and segregation in Mississippi. ]]>
Sakaida, Seichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Kubo, Harry: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 January 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service]]> Kubota, Mike Yoshio: narrator]]> Yee, Marie: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 January 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>

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