World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--European Theater--Po Valley Campaign]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]> Ogawa, Edward: narrator ]]> Duensing, Dawn: interviewer]]> Nisei Veteran Memorial Center: publisher ]]> Nisei Veteran Memorial Center ]]> 1996]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]>
Ray attended Coronado High School and got good grades. He credits his education in Japan for doing well in high school. In addition to Ray's academic studies, he was elected student body treasurer and ran track. Ray was popular with his peers and had many friends.

On December 7, 1941, Ray's life changed when Pearl Harbor was attacked. Many of Ray's friends treated him differently at school, and Ray was forcibly removed to Santa Anita Assembly Center and then to Poston, AZ.

Ray relocated alone because his father was in Crystal City, Texas, and his older brother volunteered for the Army in 1942. Life in the camp was tough, and Ray had to care for himself.

Ray graduated from high school in the camp and left Poston to work in Chicago, IL. Soon after, he found a better job working as a bookkeeper. Ray saved enough money to attend the University of Minnesota, and when his finances ran low, he volunteered for the Army.

Ray started his career as an auditor working in Japan at the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) during the occupation. Next, he was a translator in Tokyo civil service and Okinawa civil service. Ray's second time in Japan was with the Air Force Audit Agency and working around Asia. When Ray retired, Northrop offered him a job and traveled to Korea, Saudi Arabia, and various states in the United States for auditing.

In Ray's retirement years, he enjoys playing golf and going on cruises. Ray has been married to the love of his life for 57 years and has three children and three grandchildren. Ray hopes his grandchildren have a good education and a job they enjoy. For the future of America, he hopes there are no more wars.]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

In Ridley, Frank and his parents work on a peach farm until they receive evacuation orders. Previously, Frank grows up with mainly Caucasian people. After moving to Ridley, a farming community, and Poston, Frank discusses the culture shock.

Frank and his parents go to Poston, Camp 3, and he recounts the living conditions. At Poston, Frank continues his education, and his parents find jobs within the camp. Frank recalls his mother's family are relocated to Gila River.

In June of 1943, Frank and his parents leave Poston. Frank finishes high School and gets a job analyzing paint. In January of 1945, Frank receives his draft notice and starts his military career. ]]>
Hiratsuka, Frank: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Robert goes overseas to Okinawa. He describes the situation in Okinawa. Robert has to translate documents for strategic worth. He recalls the American Infantry finding a map, but Headquarters did not receive it until later. By knowing the location of the Japanese cannons is the beginning of the Japanese Army's downfall.

In Okinawa, there are propaganda leaflets that cause many civilians to commit suicide. Robert remembers two little girls who lose their mother. Suicides are happening all over Okinawa. Robert also mentions cave flushing. Many of the civilians are hiding in the caves.

Besides translating documents, he works at the POW Camp. He recalls hearing an announcement that Japan surrenders. Before going home, Robert gets a souvenir.

Robert returns to the United States and is discharge at Fort MacArthur, and he reunites with his family in Detroit, MI.














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Sugimoto, Robert: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

He travels overseas on USS Washington. The voyage takes two weeks for the soldiers to land in Italy. He could not tell his family where he is going, no letters are permitted. On the ship, he has kitchen police duties.

When Yoshiro lands in Naples, Italy, Yoshiro goes to Caiazzo, where the replacement depot is. Yoshiro has training in foreign weapons. At the end of April 1945, and Germany surrenders two days later.

In Italy, Yoshiro sees his cousin Rudy Tokiwa. Yoshiro's other cousin Duke Tokiwa (Rudy's brother) is also overseas but in Germany.

The war ends, and Yoshiro returns to the United States. He lands in New Jersey and drives his jeep cross country back to California. Along the way, he makes a few stops to visits friends.

Post-war, Yoshiro goes to school at San Jose State College and UC Berkeley. He majors in biochemistry. After graduating he works at two labs at the California Department of Health Services. Later he works in different fields dealing with carcinogens. Yoshiro explains the PCD compliance agreement and regulation for the museum exhibiting Military ships.

Yoshiro is remarried and has four children (two sons from his previous marriage and two step-daughters). Yoshiro is on the Board of Japanese American Service East Bay. This organization helps elderly Japanese Americans. Yoshiro is proud to serve with the 442nd.]]>
Tokiwa, Yoshiro: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Few days after the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese Americans' status changes to 4C, enemy aliens. In addition, there are restrictions such as traveling and curfew hours.

Yoshiro recalls preparing and leaving for evacuation when President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066. The Tokiwa family goes to the Salinas Assembly Center and then to Poston, Arizona. Yoshiro says they are only allowed to bring what they can carry.

At Poston, Yoshiro works as a security guard and then in the agriculture department. In camp, all the internees are given a loyalty questionnaire. Yoshiro explains the no-no boys and deportation.

In 1944, Yoshiro is drafted. He shares his experience of being inducted and going to basic training at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Yoshiro discusses the segregation in Mississippi.

At the end of Yoshiro's military career, he is a Technician 5th Grade (Corporal level). Yoshiro is discharged from the Army in January 1947, from Camp Beale, CA.
]]>
Tokiwa, Yoshiro: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]> World War II--France]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]>
Overseas at the European Theater, Toyota recalls being pulled off the line for ten days of rest. After Toyota showers, he receives the news there is a troop trap on top of the hill and needs rescuing. On October 25, Toyota and his company go rescue the Lost Battalion on the same day as his birthday. The rescue is all up hill fighting that consists of an all rifle company and motor company. At this time, Toyota is attach to 35 Division and Company I leads the the company. It takes five days until reach on top of mountain.

During the rescue of the Lost Battalion, the weather is cold, rainy, and snowy. Toyota is one of the first five men that makes contact with the Texans. The next order Toyota receives is to set up a road block and Maritime Alps reconnaissance patrol. Toyota recalls getting wounds and being hospitalized for frost bite and trench foot.

While Toyota is in the European Theater, his family is in Poston at block 213. ]]>
Toyota, Kameo: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Fresno, California ]]>

Thomas and his family live at Castle Estate Kindergarten, where his father works. His family maintains their Japanese values and morals at home. Besides attending primary school, Thomas attends the Japanese Language School. In his free time, his childhood activities include diving for squid, fishing, movies, and barefoot football.

After graduating high school, Thomas works at a few places before receiving his draft notice to join the Army. He describes Army life and the attack on Pearl Harbor. He also shares who are influential role models in his early upbringing. ]]>
Wozumi, Thomas Ukichi: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

When the war ends, in May 1946, Don stays in Europe to assist with marshaling the German troopers to surrendering and inventorying their weapons. Don has the opportunity to take leave to Rome and Switerzland. He also attends the US Arm Force Institute in Florence, Italy.

Don returns to the United States from Livorno, Italy, on the Wilson Victory and is discharged at Camp Beale. Don receives recognition by President Truman and receives ribbons and awards for his service. Post-war, Don furthers his education, gets married, and has a family. Don discusses the Nisei legacy and personal photographs.]]>
Miyada, Don: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Don receives an opportunity to go to Idaho to work on a sugar beet farm and eventually moves to Detriot, Michigan, for employment. In 1944, Don is drafted and goes to Fort Sharedon in Flordia to be inducted into the Army. Then he goes to basic training at Camp Blanding for 17 weeks.

In this interview, Don shares he has two high school diplomas. One from 1942 and 2014. ]]>
Miyada, Don: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Maya also shares how he met his wife at Poston. His grandson, Daniel, served in Germany and did three tours in Iraq. Daniel came home safe.
]]>
Miyamoto, Maya: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

As a child, he worked on the farm, and gradually he did more farm labor. The homelife of the Miyamoto family was more westernized and the primary language was English. Maya gave examples of not using chopsticks or taking off their shoes in the house.

On December 7, 1941, Maya heard the news of Pearl Harbor on the radio at home. Two of his brothers were already in the Army service. As a child, Maya did not think much about the effects of war and carried on like usual. The aftermath of Pearl Harbor became more significant when the FBI came to their home and evacuation to Poston, Arizona.

In 1944 Maya went to Phoenix, AZ, for his induction. After completing basic training, Maya was sent to Mobile Intelligence at Camp Ritchie, Maryland, to teach all kinds of weapons from Germany and Japan. Later, Maya was assigned to the Counter Intelligence Group and went to CIC Headquarters at Camp Holabird, Maryland, for training.

In November or December of 1945, Maya landed in Atsugi Field. This was his first time traveling to Japan and leaving California. Maya recalls that the culture and customs were different from the United States. After Atsugi, Maya went to Tokyo. He describes the devastation he saw in the towns and cities. Maya visited the CIC detachment in Chiba where he saw his friend. His friend who worked in Graves Registration was looking for bodies of fliers in Chiba, wondering if they were killed or beheaded.


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Miyamoto, Maya: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Before December 7, 1941, Paul's brother, Joe, and cousin were drafted into service. Paul recalls hearing about the Pearl Harbor attack on the way to see his cousin leave for the Philippines. Paul was a senior in high school when President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066.

March of 1942, the Ichiuji family evacuated, and Paul left school and his friends behind. Paul and his family went to Poston, AZ. Joe was discharged by the Government and he joined his family in Poston. Later, Joe volunteered for the 442nd.

Paul left Boston to go to school and was drafted when he was reclassified to 1A. Before going overseas, he was recruited into the Military Intelligence Service School. However, Paul was not fluent in Japanese. Later, he was recruited to the CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps).

After completing his training at Camp Holabird, Paul went overseas to the occupation of Japan. He spent his time in Mie-ken, Japan, gathering information. Paul made relationships with Japanese Government Officials, Informants, and Japanese nationals.

Before returning home to the United States, Paul recalls the CIC was interrogated by an investigative team. There was a complaint about the Black Market. Paul discusses the Blacket Market and its connection with getting intel.
]]>
Ichiuji, Paul: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> World War II--Mass Removal ("Evacuation")]]> Kurihara, Lloyd: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 May 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Fresno, California ]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> ]]> Kanatani, George: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 29 ]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Australia (Allied Translator and Interpreter Section)]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]>
Yonemura is with Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS) from October 1943 to May 1945. He is later transfer to Manila, Philippines to plan for the invasion of Japan. He remains in the Philippine until September 1945 when the atomic bomb is drop.

When the Japanese Emperor announce surrender, Yonemura's Unit is ship out and says it is a busy period for him. Succeeding the atomic bomb delegation, a group of American scientist go to Japan to find out how much basic science is being study during the war. Yonemura is asked to help select the best linguist to accompany the American Task Force. The intent is to interview Professor Yagi and know about rocket propulsion.

During occupation, Yonemura finds time to correspond to his wife, Toshiko everyday. Although, Yonemura has never been to Japan before occupation, he says it feels like homecoming. Yonemura recollects the summer of June 1943 when he receives clearance to visit his sister's family and his family at Poston one and Poston two.

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Yonemura, Masatatsu: narrator]]> Nakayama, Stuart: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 June 04]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military and Government Entities--Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS)]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]>
While Yonemura is in the Military Intelligence Service, Toshiko (his wife) gets a job in Houston, Texas. Yonemura and Toshiko gets married in 1943 during his weekend pass to Joplin, Missouri.

June of 1943, Yonemura waits for his overseas assignment. Yonemura discusses how General MacArthur escape the Philippines and open Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS) in Australia. Yonemura is assign to Indoorpilly, Australia.

ATIS is divided into two groups: translation and interrogation. The interrogation group interrogates Prisoners of War (POW). The translation group is divided into two groups: general translation and technical translation of documents. Yonemura assign to technical translation of document and assign to Navy Officer Lieutenant Ed Rosten (a classmate from law school). Later, Yonemura becomes editor of translation section of ATIS. ]]>
Yonemura, Masatatsu: narrator]]> Nakayama, Stuart: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 June 04]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Identity and values]]>
Due to the Selective Service Act of 1940, Yonemura figures a draft lottery would be called early. The Enemy Alien Law is still in effect and the only way for Yonemura to serve is to join the to army. Yonemura is aware about Military Intelligence Service (MIS) and ask his teachers to write a letter to indicate his loyalty to America.

February of 1942, he receives a notice to report to the army on February 25. Before going to be inducted, Yonemura goes home to say good bye to family. The following day, his Father and his fiancee's Father is pickup by the FBI for association as Nihonjinkai Community Leaders. Yonemura's Father goes to Santa Fe New Mexico Army Installation. Before his loyalty hearing , he ask Yonemura to send him a picture. Yonemura's Father is then release and sent to Poston with the rest of the Family.

Yonemura goes to Camp Robertson for infantry training camp. Fifteen Nisei are assign to each company. The Nisei make up 25% of the training company and the other Nisei are ship to Camp Crowder in Missouri. These Nisei are assign to odd jobs including Yonemura. Yonemura works as a cook and then moves to payroll records. Later he is transfer to Camp Savage as a laborer not for training. With the help of John Iso, Yonemura is able to getting tutoring to get into the Language classes.

When Yonemura is at basic training at Camp Savage, his fiancee, Toshiko is eligible for release from Poston due to a job offer.]]>
Yonemura, Masatatsu: narrator]]> Nakayama, Stuart: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 June 04]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> Sakato, George: narrator]]> Nakamatsu, Karen: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000-09-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Denver, Colorado ]]>
James is at the frontline for two weeks before the surrendering of German soldiers. He describes the living conditions in the field and what he eats. When the war ends, James is on guard duty before he is ship out to Japan. However, James never goes to Japan because his father is ill.

James returns to the United States in Florida on a dependency discharge. After being discharged, he is sent to Poston before the camp closes in a month.

James and his family moved to Riverside before settling down in Los Angeles. ]]>
Kobayashi, James: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

James recalls the day of the bombing of Pearl harbor. He says it is regular business at the Kobayashi's family restaurant. However, the following days after, business slowed down. In San Bernardino, there are not many effects on Japanese Americans because not a lot of Japanese Americans lived in the area. Many of the Japanese farmers moved to Coachella and Riverside because the farming soil is better.

The bombing of Pearl harbor created restrictions such as a curfew and a notice of evacuation for Japanese Americans. The Kobayashi family sells their restaurant and temporarily lives at the Japanese Church before evacuation.

James describes arriving at Poston, Arizona, and living conditions. James is at Poston for a year for going to Utah and Chicago for work. In Chicago, he receives his draft notice and beings his Army life. ]]>
Kobayashi, James: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Military service]]> World War II--China-Burma-India Theater]]> World War II--Medals]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> World War II--Military service--5307 Composite Unit, Provisional (Merrill's Marauders)]]> Tsubota, Thomas: narrator]]> Demonteverde, Marie: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000 June 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Nevada ]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Identity and values--Family]]> ]]> Yamate, Kiyoto: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 Januray 10]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Education]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> Yamamoto, Robert: narrator]]> Yee, Govan: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 June 7]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Watsonville, California]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Social activities--Dances]]> Tokiwa, Rudy: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001-06-03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Mountain View, California]]> Social activities--Travel]]> Japan--Imperialist expansion]]> Race--Discrimination]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> Tokiwa, Rudy: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001-06-03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Mountain View, California]]>