Following the Italian Campaign, the men were moving fast, and there was no time to set up. Michael would set up the mortar at night to be prepared for any attack. He recalls climbing the mountain and describes the last push. The Gothic Line was a hard climb. Michael described the strategies of how the Company and Battalion would hike up the mountain.

Once Michael's Company broke the line because the side, they climbed was the least protected. The German soldiers did not anticipate anyone to get that far up. Once the line was broken, others followed suit. Not only were the American soldiers fighting against German soldiers, but there were Italian fascists.

After the Gothic Line, the German soldiers were ready to surrender and go home. In Leghorn, Michael guarded the German poisoners. When the news of the war ended, he went back to Italy and was discharged. Since the war ended, the atmosphere became more relaxed.

Michael returned to the States in November on a Liberty ship. He landed in Virginia and went to Chicago to be with Jean Doi and his family. Michael and Jean dated for a year before getting married. Later, Michael relocated to Georgia because he found a job as a chick sexer that paid well. After the war, Jimmy reenlisted and went to Japan to be with his parents.

Michael and Jean have two children, a son, a daughter, three grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. He explains why Niseis are reluctant to discuss wartime or camp experience. As a result, Micahel does not talk much about his wartime experiences with his children.

Michael also talks about the significance of various patches, badges, and medals the GIs wore and received. The soldiers in his outfit received the Bronze Star. Michael also earned the Combat Infantryman Badge which he was proud of.

Michael recalls the 50th Anniversary of Bruyeres and revisiting the area of Bruyeres. Although the foxholes were covered by moss, He could still see the remanences of the war.
]]>
Doi, Michael: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

On January 19, 1942, Michael was drafted and went into service. He went to Fort MacArthur San Pedro and then to Rockford, IL, for medic training at Camp Grant. Michael was a male nurse in the ward for a year before working in a clinic. In Chicago, Michael met his wife, Jean Doi. Michael said his wife was influential in the redress and helped get the swing vote from their Assemblyman in Georgia.

After working in the clinic for a year, he was transferred to Camp Sheridan and then to Camp Blanding. At Camp Blanding, Florida, he trained as an infantryman. He describes the conditions and training at camp Blanding. Michael made friends easily and had a good relationship with the Hawaiian soldiers.

The training was quick because replacements were needed overseas. Michael's oldest brother Sam was drafted, and his younger brother Jimmy was drafted. Michael reunited with his brothers briefly at Camp Blanding before shipping out. However, Sam was discharged and sent to Gila.

In Europe, Michael joined the 100th, A Company-Mortar. As a mortarman, he could not use the mortar in the forest due to shell burst. Michael said the German weapon sounds scarier than a mortar because you cannot hear a mortar. He recalls experiencing artillery fire.

Michael recollects many battles and life on the battlefield. Occasionally, Michael gave aid to wounded soldiers who needed treatment. Hot meals were not served frequently, but soldiers survived on C rations and K rations.

After the Lost Battalion and losing many soldiers, General Dahlquist did a review. The remaining soldiers and Michael were sent to the French Italian border to guard until they received replacements. At this time, Jimmy joined G Company, Michael remembers running into Jimmy and his friend.
]]>
Doi, Michael: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

At the end of 1944, Michael went overseas and landed in Naples, Italy. Michael was assigned to the 100th Battalion as a replacement and went to Marseille, France. Michael experiences his first attack in Bruyeres.

Michael describes Bruyeres and soldiers wounded from shrapnel or shell bursts. After Bruyeres and Biffontaine, Michael was in the Lost Battalion rescue. Many soldiers lost their lives in the Lost Battalion. According to Michael the most challenging part of the war was seeing the wounded soldiers. Michael remembers a close call and feeling lucky to survive the war. Jimmy also said the worst part of war is death. He recalls his friend being killed in action.

Overseas, Michael was a mortarman, and Jimmy was in Headquarters Company as a wireman. Michael and Jimmy agree the German weapons were advanced in contrast to the American weaponry.

Post-war, Jimmy reenlisted and asked to be stationed in Japan to see his parents. Later, Michael also went to Japan in 1969 to visit his mother. Michael and Jimmy discuss the Nisei legacy and the Nisei's contribution helped future generations in every aspect.

Michael is married to Jean and has two children, Janice and David. Michael and Jean also have grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Jimmy and Alice have three children, Glenn, Nancy, and Mark, and four grandchildren. Jimmy wishes for children a good life and to be good citizens.
]]>
Doi, Jimmy: narrator]]> Doi, Michael John: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-03-07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Post-war, Hershey went to school on the East Coast for engineering. At Christmas break, Hershey returned home and worked for his cousin for a few months. Hershey started dating Terry, and they got married.

When Gallup fell into a depression, Hershey's paychecks got smaller. In June 1949, he decided to reenlist for three years. The following year the Korean War happened, and Hershey went to duty in August 1950.

Hershey went through a nine-week refresher training session at Fort Hood, Texas. Then he went overseas and arrived at Camp Drake in Tokyo, Japan. Hershey was taken by train to the southern island of Kyushu. He joined Company H, 2nd Battalion, 7th Regiment, 3rd Division.

When they landed in Korea, there was snow on the ground and light artillery fire from the North Koreans. The countryside was not modernized, unlike Seoul. Hershey recalls his first engagement with the locals and their living conditions.

The locals were starving, and the American soldiers did not get the best food either. The terrain prevented the American soldiers from getting their supplies. Hershey lived off C rations for three to four months.

In the Korean War, Hershey was promoted several times from Squad Leader to Corporal and then Sergeant. He had 12 men and four riflemen under him. Hershey recalls losing men because they wanted to go home or were transferred to other units. ]]>
Miyamura, Hiroshi "Hershey"; narrator]]> Yamazaki, Christine; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-07-24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Before going to Italy, the 442nd went to France. However, General Mark Clark requested the 442nd's return to Italy to break the Gothic Line. The 442nd took the German SS Troop by surprise when they attacked from the rear.

When the 442nd left Italy, the 552nd Artillery stayed behind. Later the 552nd went to Germany and were the first in Dachau.

The worst part of the war for Tetsuo was the casualties. He recalls several times he came across deceased soldiers. Another bad memory of the war was being under heavy fire.

When the war ended, Tetsuo got a pass and went to Switzerland and different rest areas. The highlight was Angelburg because he learned how to ski. Many years later, Tetsuo revisited Switzerland in the springtime.
]]>
Asato, Tetsuo; narrator]]> Horsting, Robert; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-11-29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California]]>

Arriving overseas, Tetsuo got sick and was hospitalized in Marseilles, France, for a few days. He joined his company, G Company, 2nd Battalion, 442nd, in Sospel, France, and was in the mortar section. He recollects climbing a mountain with G Company and living in dugouts on the border of France and Italy.

The next combat was the Lost Battalion rescue. The G Company was hit hard because they had 800 casualties. Following was the Champagne Campaign. Tetsuo said the Champagne Campaign had no heavy troop movement compared to the Lost Battalion. Later, the 442nd received orders from General Mark Clark to come back to Italy to break the Gothic Line.  

In the last push, the 100th went north. The 2nd Battalion was the center. The 3rd Battalion was on the right. After a few days, Tetsuo rejoined the line from the hospital. Tetsuo remembers being on assignment as a litter-bearer in Casa Poggio and being under German artillery fire.]]>
Asato, Tetsuo; narrator]]> Horsting, Robert; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-11-29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California]]>

Enoch's brother Jimmy was already in the Army when Enoch and the rest of the family went to the Assembly Center. Enoch and his family stayed at the Assembly Center for several months before relocating to Minidoka. At Minidoka, there were guard towers with guards. Enoch said Minidoka was similar to a prison camp.

Later the Kanaya family members left their separate ways. Ruby got married, and Enoch's parents went to Chicago for work. Enoch received his draft notice and completed his basic training at Camp Blanding, Florida. At Camp Blanding, Enoch was assigned to F Company, 2nd Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team.

After basic training as a replacement, Enoch traveled overseas on the RMS Aquitania. He landed in Scotland and traveled to France. In France, the 442nd replacements were tasked to protect the alps from the Germans. The German soldiers were defending this area, and the serval division tried to penetrate the line with no success. Enoch described his experience breaking the Gothic Line.

]]>
Kanaya, Enoch; narrator]]> Yamagami, Don; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006-06-25]]> Oral Histories]]>

Harold discusses his first combat and artillery fire. He says being on the frontline is scary. Having a buddy system with a Nisei veteran helps you learn the dos and don'ts of being in battle. Harold is grateful to Ted Sakahara for his good advice.

After breaking through the Gothic Line, the war ends. Harold stays in Europe until January 1946. He returns to Seattle, WA, and works a few jobs before becoming partners in a jewelry business and a ski retail business.

Harold is active in the ski community and is inducted into the Colorado Ski Hall of Fame. In 1960, he has an opportunity to go to the Olympics. In his spare time, Harold volunteers for the ski patrol.

Harold and his with Edith, have two daughters, a granddaughter, and two great-grandchildren. Harold hopes to instill family values in his children and to work hard. With the contribution of the Nisei legacy, Harold wants future generations and other ethnic groups to have more opportunities and equality. ]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--Medical and sanitary affairs]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Takehara, Kenneth: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 November 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Houston, Texas]]>
After completing his basic training at Camp Shelby, Minoru traveled to Tule Lake to visit his father. When Minoru left Tule Lake, he boarded a bus, and the passengers applauded him. The experience was different from what the African Americans experienced in the South.

From New York, Minoru and his brother, John, departed to go overseas. A winter storm on the Atlantic Ocean caused a rough voyage for the soldiers. During the trip, German submarines were spotted in the ocean. Therefore, the Aquitania took a detour to Glasgow, Scotland, instead of England.

Minoru joined the 442nd in the South of France. When he was not a mortarman, he was a litter carrier picking up wounded Nisei. In Italy, Minoru fought with the Allied troops and the 92nd Division. Minoru recalls artillery fire from the German soldier. He describes the battle on top of Mount Fogarito.]]>
Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--232nd Combat Engineer Company]]> Kimura, Shoichi: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 October 14]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Richmond, California]]>
Dan goes to Camp Blanding, Jacksonville, Florida, for basic training. Basic training is for seventeen weeks long. In Florida, Dan learns about Jim Crow and segregation. Dan shares a story about racism.

He goes to northern Italy in 1945. Dan is assigned to the Rifle Platoon, Company C, 100th Battalion. The 442nd at the time has lost hundreds of men in the Bruyeres Campaign and are resting in Menton while waiting for replacements. Dan joins the 442nd in January 1945. In April 1945, they go to Northern Italy for the final push.

Dan recalls Platoon Sergeant Burt Tanaka allowing him to switch assignments. Three days later, Dan leaves the Riflemen Platoon and joins is in the Weapons Platoon as an ammunition carrier.

During the war in Italy, Dan carries a magazine with him that brings him comfort during combat. He discusses the disadvantages in the Italian Campaign and the life of an Army soldier during wartimes.

When the German soldiers surrender, Dan's company is assigned to guard the prisoners of war. Dan gets to know some of them and says they are nice people. For his service in the Army, Dan receives a Combat Infantryman Badge for 90 days of combat. He also receives a badge for his efforts in the Italian Campaign. In 1945, the atomic bomb is drop-in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and Dan is still in Italy. Dan is not discharged until 1946. ]]>
Uchimoto, Dan: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Susan Hardwick discusses that her father, Bill, did not take about the war experience often. She would hear the war stories from her mother. Bill has a lot of admiration and respect for the Japanese Americans. At a young age, Susan remembers her father would be saddened if he hears discriminative remarks about the Nisei veterans. Susan recalls a story about a Nisei veteran and a barbershop.

Janet Hardwick encourages anyone to serve their country if they have an opportunity no matter the situation. She feels we should be proud of the Nisei veterans because they opened the doorway for all Americans. Learn as much as you can about the Nisei legacy. Susan says because of her father, they are introduced to the 442nd. The 442nd embodies tolerance, respect, and gratitude that we should all have in the face of adversity.

Moreover, the Hardwick sister believes oral histories are a learning tool. Susan adds that oral histories are a continuous duty that all veterans should do after the war to keep the story alive.

]]>
Brown, Janet: narrator]]> Hardwick, Susan: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Julian Quayles discusses what happens after he escapes from the German soldiers. Julian with another Officer, finds shelter on an Italian civilian's property until they can rejoin the American lines. Julian does not reunite with the American troops until mid-October.

Ray Wells and his Company are training until their next action. They move to Mount Rotondo. Ray discusses the attitudes of the civilians. Food is scarce during the wartimes.

At Mount Rotondo, everyone in Ray's squad is hit by artillery fire. Ray is hospitalized for several weeks. During his recovery, he meets General MacArthur and Hideichi Shimabukuro from the 100th.

When Ray receives news about his brother, he goes AWOL but returns to the frontlines. After recovery, Ray attaches himself to G Company (rifle company) and goes to San Pietro, Italy.

During this time, Julian and his troops are in Monte Cassino. After Monte Cassino, Julian is Battalion S3 (Plans and Training Officer). He is promoted a few more times throughout the European Theater when the higher officers are killed in action.

Even though there are many losses of soldiers from combat, Julian says the morale remains the same. Replacements are brought in to help with the men killed in action or wounded in action.

In Rome, Julian remembers there is a lot of marching. The Germans have set up a few diversions for the American soldiers such as roadblocks and Middle Eastern soldiers to help on the ground. Julian recalls before Monte Cassino, he is sitting on the mountain and watching two British Army soldiers.

Both Ray and Julian discuss the German weapons, mines, and observations planes.]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles joins the National Guards during his sophomore year in college. He is a part of Company B, 124th Infantry, 31st Division. Julian does his training at Camp Blanding. He describes the living conditions and training.

When Pearl Harbor is attacked on December 7, both Julian and Ray Wells are called to active duty. When Julian and Ray go overseas, they first arrive in Oran, Africa. They share stories of American soldiers being attacked in Africa.

After Africa, Julian and Ray travel to Italy. Ray's first battle is at Mount Rotondo. Julian his capture captured by German soldiers in the town of Persano. ]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Raymond C. Wells is born May 5, 1922, in Eagle Colorado. Julian Minor Quayles, Jr is born January 15, 1917, in Staunton, Virginia. Both men serve in the 141st Infantry Battalion during World War Two.

Ray's and Julian's parents are hardworking to provide for the family. Ray's father works on the railroad. As a result, the Wells family moves around New Mexico. Julian's father retires when Julian is born and has many opportunities for bonding time.

Both men discuss their childhood and school years. In their informal years, they begin their military experiences. Ray joins the National Guards at the age of sixteen. Julian attends Augusta Military Academy at Fort Defiance.

Ray describes his National Guard training and active duty in 1940. He recalls December 7, and Rapido River. ]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles discusses what happens after he escapes from the German soldiers. Julian with another Officer, finds shelter on an Italian civilian's property until they can rejoin the American lines. Julian does not reunite with the American troops until mid-October.

Ray Wells and his Company are training until their next action. They move to Mount Rotondo. Ray discusses the attitudes of the civilians. Food is scarce during the wartimes.

At Mount Rotondo, everyone in Ray's squad is hit by artillery fire. Ray is hospitalized for several weeks. During his recovery, he meets General MacArthur and Hideichi Shimabukuro from the 100th.

When Ray receives news about his brother, he goes AWOL but returns to the frontlines. After recovery, Ray attaches himself to G Company (rifle company) and goes to San Pietro, Italy.

During this time, Julian and his troops are in Monte Cassino. After Monte Cassino, Julian is Battalion S3 (Plans and Training Officer). He is promoted a few more times throughout the European Theater when the higher officers are killed in action.

Even though there are many losses of soldiers from combat, Julian says the morale remains the same. Replacements are brought in to help with the men killed in action or wounded in action.

In Rome, Julian remembers there is a lot of marching. The Germans have set up a few diversions for the American soldiers such as roadblocks and Middle Eastern soldiers to help on the ground. Julian recalls before Monte Cassino, he is sitting on the mountain and watching two British Army soldiers.

Both Ray and Julian discuss the German weapons, mines, and observations planes.]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles joins the National Guards during his sophomore year in college. He is a part of Company B, 124th Infantry, 31st Division. Julian does his training at Camp Blanding. He describes the living conditions and training.

When Pearl Harbor is attacked on December 7, both Julian and Ray Wells are called to active duty. When Julian and Ray go overseas, they first arrive in Oran, Africa. They share stories of American soldiers being attacked in Africa.

After Africa, Julian and Ray travel to Italy. Ray's first battle is at Mount Rotondo. Julian his capture captured by German soldiers in the town of Persano. ]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Raymond C. Wells is born May 5, 1922, in Eagle Colorado. Julian Minor Quayles, Jr is born January 15, 1917, in Staunton, Virginia. Both men serve in the 141st Infantry Battalion during World War Two.

Ray's and Julian's parents are hardworking to provide for the family. Ray's father works on the railroad. As a result, the Wells family moves around New Mexico. Julian's father retires when Julian is born and has many opportunities for bonding time.

Both men discuss their childhood and school years. In their informal years, they begin their military experiences. Ray joins the National Guards at the age of sixteen. Julian attends Augusta Military Academy at Fort Defiance.

Ray describes his National Guard training and active duty in 1940. He recalls December 7, and Rapido River. ]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Military service--Veterans' organizations]]> Post World War II--Travel, leisure]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]> World War II--France]]>
There are several attempts to deliver supplies to the Lost Battalion; however, there are expecting strong counterattacks.

Within several days the Lost Battalion is rescued by the 100th and 442nd. After the rescue, Jack becomes an honorary member of the 442nd.

Post-war, Jack remarries, works at the Post Office for 30 years before retiring. He spends his time active with the American Legion Post. ]]>
Wilson, Jack Wayne: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009-11-02]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Houston, Texas]]>
World War II--Amphibious operations]]> World War II--European Theater--Rome-Arno Campaign--Cassino]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]>
Jack grows up during the Prohibition era. At a young age, he tries to earn extra money by selling empty bottles to Bootleggers and catches Blue Gills.

After high school, Jack helps build Long Ship Tanks (LST)at the shipyard in Evansville, Indiana. Jack gets promoted to the number one layout man. Shortly after, Jack receives his draft notice and passes his physical examination. He is selected to be in the Navy; however, Jack wants to join the Army.

Jack starts basic training at Camp Blanding and joins to the 36th Division. He recalls the events of World War Two and the European Theater Operations from Mount Longo, Rapido River, Cassino, Montelimar, Italy. Jack, and his Company battle against enemy fire.

During the invasions, Jack is injured a few times and receives the Purple Heart twice. ]]>
Wilson, Jack Wayne: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009-11-02]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Houston, Texas]]>

Being part of the mortar unit, he describes the dangers that are faced on the battlefields. He shares his experiences of the Lost Battalion rescue, breaking the Gothic Line, and Bruyeres.

When the war ends, he sees two of his brothers overseas. Post-war, Seichi returns home and works at Molokai plantation and Del Monte Kunia before retiring. He gets married and has three children and five grandchildren.

Seichi talks about the Nisei legacy and the contributions of the 442nd for future generations. ]]>
Sakaida, Seichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Clarence and Robert discuss being in basic training for almost a year before deployment overseas. Both men go to France and share their first time seeing action and their first time in battle.

Although, Clarence is assigned to K Company and Robert to M Company they both are at Hill 140. Clarence describes the battle and seeing dead soldiers for the first time.

At Luciano, Italy, Robert is wounded by shrapnel, and Clarence is hit by artillery fire. During their one month break after Luciano, M Company has mine training. Clarence and Robert discuss the different types of mines.

Clarence and Robert also talk about German weapons versus American weapons. Even though the German has some powerful weapons, the Americans surprised the Germans with the 88. ]]>
Tamayori, Clarence: narrator
Nagata, Robert: narrator]]>
Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Clarence and Robert discuss being in basic training for almost a year before deployment overseas. Both men go to France and share their first time seeing action and their first time in battle.

Although, Clarence is assigned to K Company and Robert to M Company they both are at Hill 140. Clarence describes the battle and seeing dead soldiers for the first time.

At Luciano, Italy, Robert is wounded by shrapnel, and Clarence is hit by artillery fire. During their one month break after Luciano, M Company has mine training. Clarence and Robert discuss the different types of mines.

Clarence and Robert also talk about German weapons versus American weapons. Even though the German has some powerful weapons, the Americans surprised the Germans with the 88. ]]>
Nagata, Robert: narrator
Tamayori, Clarence: narrator]]>
Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank discusses the treatment of African Americans in Mississippi. Frank shares some experiences he sees in Hattiesburg regarding segregation. The people in Hattiesburg are indifferent to the Japanese Americans in the South.

At Camp Shelby, there are mainland and Hawaiian soldiers. Frank addresses the division between the mainlanders and Hawaiian. There are talks of disbandment of the Japanese American unit and Frank explains how the issue is resolved.

Frank goes overseas to Europe. His first artillery fire happens north of Rome and he sees a dead body for the first time. This is a moment he cannot forget. The day after the Last Battalion, Frank encounters a mortar barrage (Vosges Mountain) and is hit in four places on his body. James Okubo (medic) helps him, and Frank wakes up in the hospital.

After being wounded, Frank is on limited service and works in the mortar pool unit. Frank hears the 442nd is going back to Italy and asks his Captain if he can go back with the outfit. Frank receives approval and is assigned back to K Company.

Frank did not interact with civilians much because he is in battle. Frank recalls the civilians knowing the war is over before he did. Frank returns to the United States after a month or two when the war ends. He is discharged at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes back to Seattle, Washington. Shortly after, Frank goes to live in Chicago with his sister. Post-war, Frank gets married and has children.
]]>
Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

He is assigned to Company B 442nd. On his weekend passes, Yoroku goes to Hattiesburg and sees segregation for the first time. He describes serval incidents of discrimination. Yoroku discusses Earl Finch. Mr. Finch did not show discrimination to anyone and is equal to all persons. Yoroku also describes the relationship between Mainland and Hawaiian boys at Camp Shelby.

After Camp Shelby, Yoroku goes to Newport Dunes, Virginia, and is a replacement for the 100th. Yoroku goes on a convoy for 30 days to go to Naples, Italy.

The first battle Yoroku is in is at Belvedere. He discusses his thought and feelings. The worst experience of war is seeing his friends getting wounded and killed in combat. He reflects on the Po Campaign and how he gets hurt on his leg at this battle.

Overseas, he meets friends from Maui and corresponds back home to his family about his encounters. Yoroku receives the Purple Heart and Bronze Star for his Army Service. ]]>
Ito, Yoroku: narrator]]> Miyamoto, P: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]>

Although William's unit is not assigned to the Lost Battalion rescue, he discusses the events and gives credit to his unit for helping to get the Germans out of the Vosges area.

After leaving Southern France, William returns to Italy for the last push at the Gothic Line. He remembers moving fast through the towns. The Rifle Company and William's company are both facing casualties. William's company loses serval men plus their Company Commander. The replacement Company Commander is Nishimura.

William discusses the German surrendering and the end of the war. He leaves Italy in November and returns to California to Camp Beale. From there, he goes on a boat to Hawaii and is discharged from the Army in December.

Post-war, William furthers his education at the University of Hawaii and works for the Water Department for 17 years. He gets married and has four children and six grandchildren.

Furthermore, William talks about the importance of character building, his Issei uncle, and Shiego Joseph Takata. Despite the racial prejudices, the Nisei veterans persevered and showed oyakoukou - bringing honor to their parents and their county.
]]>
Thompson, William Yoshito: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

There are approximately 10,000 Nisei who volunteers for the 442nd. Williams explains the relationship between Mainland soldiers and the Hawaiian soldiers. William says some factors for the misunderstandings are due to the different cultural up brings, and he provides some examples. Eventually, the animosity between Mainlanders and Hawaiian guys subsides, and they get along.

When William gets weekend passes, he enjoys eating steak and watching movies. Being from Hawaii, William has not experienced or seen discrimination until he goes to the South. He describes segregation and experiencing discrimination at the movie theater.

In May 1944, William ships out of Camp Shelby to go overseas on the Liberty ship. William's older brother volunteers and ships out December 1944 for the Anzio Campaign. His other brother is with the 442nd 522nd Field Artillery Battalion and ships out the same time as William.

Overseas, William's company lands in Naples. He recalls his first battle, the Little Battle (Little Cassino Battle) and the Arno Campaign. William's outfit faces artillery fire when carrying supplies to the front line and bringing the wounded soldiers back for treatment. William's specific task is picking up the injured soldiers. After the Arno Campaign, they go to France and land in Marseille.]]>
Thompson, William Yoshito: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

During the Korean war, Skeets faced challenges in battles with the enemy soldiers and interrogating POWs. He recollects before going to Sunchang, the troops had to go through a mountain road and were under artillery fire. The 2nd Division had a heavy loss of men and could not continue. Therefore, they had to recuperate for a month waiting for replacements.

Besides combat, Skeets interrogated the officers and non-combats. However, there were too many of them. Skeets recalls getting Chinese POWs in Korean uniforms. With the dilemma, McArthur Headquarters went to Chiang Kai Shek to find a Chinese linguist.

Skeets was called back to the 8th Army in Taegu to start an Interrogation Poisoner of War Training School at Army Prison in Pusan. Skeets picked about 20 Niseis from the frontline for 2 weeks of training. The training consisted of map reading, interrogation, and how to evacuate POWs.

The Niseis practiced their interrogation skills on the POWS at the 8th Army Compound. The interrogation later moved to Pusan. After Skeets conduct about four classes of interrogation training, he received orders to go to Japan. Skeets wanted to return to the States. However, linguists were needed.
]]>
Oji, Sukeo: narrator]]> Yee, Govan: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

He recalls his first battle, the Lost Battalion, and the 442nd first battle with the German soldiers. He discusses the difference between German and American guns, living conditions on the battlefield, and replacements.

At the end of October, Thomas is injured by a landmine when his Company crosses the river. He receives the Purple Heart for his injuries. After his recovery, he goes to Anzio and stays in Naples for a while. Shortly after, Thomas gets trench foot and is reclassified from the messenger squad to being a driver.

Thomas returns to Hawaii on September 5, 1945, after being discharge from service. He shares his homecoming experience and works at the Post Office as a mail courier for 27 years before retiring. ]]>
Wozumi, Thomas Ukichi: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank discusses high respect for the 442nd and the 100th accomplishments during the war. All Niseis have the yamato-damashii instilled in them growing up. He gave an example of Barney Hajiro from I Company who received the Army Commendation Medal (ACM). Franks recalls Barney's accomplishments in the war. At the moment, you don't think you just react. Sometimes the reaction is a good choice, and sometimes not.

When Frank was wounded overseas, his parents received a letter regarding his condition. After the war, Frank returned home and saw his father cry for the first time.

Post-war, Frank attends 442nd and I Company reunions. He was also active in organizations. He was a charter member of the VFW post in San Jose and a life member of the Disabled American Veterans and the Veterans of Foreign Wars. Frank also speaks at public events at the Buddhist Church and the Boy Scouts Group about his wartime experiences.

After September 11, Frank was concerned Muslims and hoped they do not go through what the Japanese Americans experienced. Frank encourages future generations to be friends with everyone. Frank reflects on an incident pre-war and prejudice. His past experiences guided him on how to treat others.

]]>
Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

While on patrol, Frank was wounded by a grenade and recuperated in Rome. After four months, Frank was discharged from the hospital and reclassified into limited service. Frank's new assignment was assisting the Supply Sergeant in Marseilles, France.

On January 15, 1946, Frank was discharged and arrived in New York. He describes his feelings of seeing the Statue of Liberty and understanding what she represents.
]]>
Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

At Camp Shelby, the summer was hot, and the winter was cold. The winter was chiller, especially for the Hawaiian soldiers. Frank recalls the Hawaiian boys would sit by the fire all night. In training, Frank learned about the 100th and their accomplishments. The 100th trained at Camp Shelby before going overseas fall of 1943.

After Frank's group completed basic training, they joined the earlier group to form a company at Camp Shelby. Serving in the Army, Frank wanted to show the Government he was a good American. He felt that was the same sentiment with the other Japanese Americans serving in the army.

When Frank prepared to go overseas, he departed from Newport News, VA. The trip took a month, avoiding the German submarines. Frank arrived in Sicily, Italy, first. Overseas, Frank was in the 3rd Platoon, 3rd Squad. He recalls his first battle and seeing his first casualty. Frank describes his third day in combat with the German soldiers.

Frank's major battles were Rome-Arno and Rhineland. During the Hill 140 battle, Frank was in the 3rd Platoon, 3rd Squad, the Platoon Reserve hauling ammunition during the battle on Hill 140. There were many casualties from hill 140. After Hill 140, there were no more battles until Luciana.


]]>
Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Maritime Alps,"Champagne Campaign"]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]>
The next campaign is Bruyeres. At this time Morimot's rank is a squad leader and he says there is not a lot of action during this battle. Following next is the Lost Battalion Rescue. Morimoto recalls the cut down in numbers of troop and the company arriving with 17 riflemen plus several weapon platoon. The number of soldiers are affected by weather conditions or trench foot. Morimoto suffers from frost bite. In the campaign, 800 soldiers are wounded or killed to save 200-300 Lost Battalion.

In the Champagne Campaign, the unit is depleted and the troops are waiting for replacements. While they are waiting in Nice, France the soldiers either go to bars or dancing, Morimoto recalls the Gothic Line and getting injured from motor shell attack. He did not need to go to the hospital because it is a flesh wound on the arm. After the Gothic Line is broken, it is the last defense for the German soldiers. During wartime, Morimoto corresponds with his family when he is able to. However, he cannot write much because he does not want to concern them.

From battle field, Morimoto gets souvenirs such as pistol, compass, and binoculars German owned. ]]>
Morimoto, Kiyoji: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 February 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hilo, Hawaii]]>
World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Kitagawa, Ben: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 February 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Veteran history]]>
Reflecting back on wartime, Minamide feels the heroes of the war are the medics who helps the wounded. He recalls a time when a soldier is hurt and medic comes to assist the wounded in the middle of battle. When artillery fire is happening, Minamide says you can tell the difference between German and Untied States military gun fire. The German's is more rapid sounds and fact pace. At the end of the war, during the final push of the Gothic Line, Minamide discusses advancing the mountain and the war ending.
]]>
Minamide, Akira: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 February 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>

When the news of the war is over, Masato Yamashita hears that they might go to the Pacific, and soldiers from I Company sign up for the Military Intelligence Service (MIS).

At the end of the war, Masato's duty is guarding German Prisoners and attends school. Lloyd Fujitani also has guard duty at the end of the war. He watches over the surplus supply and Army equipment. Lloyd recalls the Army recruiting him for the 88th Division. However, he wants to return home.

In December, Masato is discharged and returns to Lodi, CA. He lives with his mother since the passing of his father. Masato works on the ranch for a few years before going to National Trade School to learn mechanics. Later he works at Pine Street Garage in Lodi for ten years. Masato saves enough money and buys the building next door to the auto shop. He owns a supply store called Pine Auto Supply for several years before selling the business.

In September 1946, Lloyd is discharge. Lloyd works on the ten-acre vineyard producing wine for winemakers.

Masato and Lloyd discuss the Nisei legacy. Masato says Japanese Americans and other Asians have more equality now than before thanks to the 442nd contributions.


]]>
Yamashita, Masato: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]>
After basic training Okubo goes back to Hawaii for translating Japanese diaries. When he goes overseas, Okubo's assignments for Military Intelligence Service (MIS) involve translation, interpreting, and interrogation . After 50 years of service, Okubo receives the Silver Star.]]>
Okubo, Don: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 January 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]>
World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> Tsukahara, Ted: narrator]]> Tagami, Steve: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 March 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
He recalls his first duties in Okinawa, Japan, is to search the beach for dead bodies. He describes the reactions of the local civilians and the treatment he receives from them as a Japanese American soldier. In the beginning, there is a disconnect in the language because Susumu speaks Hawaiian Japanese. Gradually, he learns to speak the Okinawan language.

Susumu is part of three uniforms. The Army, the Naval Intelligence, and the First Marine Division. Overseas, Susumu receives a promotion from private to lieutenant. As an interpreter, Susumu did not work on the translations. He credits the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) for the translations. ]]>
Sarae, Susumu: narrator]]> Tsukano, Lloyd: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Military service--Post-World War II service]]> Activism and involvement]]> Social activities]]> Turner, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--European Theater--Naples-Foggia Campaign]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--"Rescue of the Lost Battalion"]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--Bruyeres, Belmont, Biffontaine]]> Oura, James: narrator]]> Sakai, Eileen: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Kawagoye, Dave: narrator]]> Yamazaki, Dave: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 January 13]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
James is at the frontline for two weeks before the surrendering of German soldiers. He describes the living conditions in the field and what he eats. When the war ends, James is on guard duty before he is ship out to Japan. However, James never goes to Japan because his father is ill.

James returns to the United States in Florida on a dependency discharge. After being discharged, he is sent to Poston before the camp closes in a month.

James and his family moved to Riverside before settling down in Los Angeles. ]]>
Kobayashi, James: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> Identity and values]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Nakashima, Edwin: narrator]]> Shoho, Stephanie: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2000 June 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]>
Barney was wounded in a firefight and stayed in the hospital to recuperate. He said he was lucky that the bullet hit him in the arm rather than in the chest. Barney returned to the United States and stayed in a Michigan hospital to recover from his injuries. Post-war, Barney received the Medal of Honor. He recalls his army friend that was killed in action.

He flew to Washington DC, and President Clinton presented him the Medal of Honor. The recognition represents honor to the country. The Medal of Honor belongs to I Company, not just him. They all fought together.]]>
Hajiro, Barney: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

During Barney's school years, he attended first through eighth grade. He did not have transportation to go to high school. Therefore, after the eighth grade, Barney worked on the plantation weeding the grass and irrigating the sugar crops.

Barney worked hard and never complained while working on the plantation. Later, he moved to Honolulu looking for a stevedore position but worked as a dishwasher instead. There were no opportunities for Asians to work as a stevedore.

In February 1942, Barney joined the Army and did not receive weapons training. Therefore he did not go overseas with the 100th. Barney stayed behind at Schofield and was part of the 1399 Engineer Construction Battalion. He left the 1399 to volunteer for the 442nd. Barney went to Camp Shelby, Mississippi for basic training. At Shelby, he was assigned to Company M, heavy weapons, as a runner and later transferred to Company I.

Barney fought in the Bruyeres and Biffontaine battles and later participated in the Lost Battalion rescue. He also fought in the Vosges Mountains against the German soldiers. He recalls his friends Fred Kameda and Shiro Kashino who were killed in action and that they were good soldiers.

Post-war, Barney returned to the plantation and worked as a supervisor. However, in 1946, there was a strike, and no one showed up for work. Later Barney goes back to Honolulu but could not find a job. The only positions available were stevedore or janitorial. Barney found work as a dishwasher because it was easier than plantation work.

Barney received the Medal of Honor for his service during World War Two but said the medal was not for himself but everyone in I Company.



]]>
Hajiro, Barney: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

In Italy, Ken is transferred to Company C and becomes a litter bearer. Sometimes the locals will befriend soldiers to get food. Food is valuable during wartime. He shares his experience as a litter bearer, and how a local asks to help carry the litter.

Post-war, Ken's duty changes to processing German soldiers, and has a pass to go to Milan, Italy. ]]>
Tamura, Ken: narrator]]> Lim, Reuben: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Italy]]> Izumigawa, Stanley: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> UPS: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 October 04]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii ]]> World War II--Italy]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Kishaba, Harold: narrator]]> Nishikawa, Lane: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 October 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]>
Later, Shigeru goes to the Hill 600 battle. He says the German soldiers place mines to prevent them from going up the hill. Shigeru was traumatized by his friend's death.

In January 1944, Shigeru's platoon attempts to cross the Rapido River. Shigeru describes trying to take Cassino. There is artillery fire from the German soldiers and civilians. Shigeru hears the Lieutenant is wounded, and he goes to give medical aid. However, Shigeru gets injured. He treats his injuries and hides behind a rock until help comes. ]]>
Inouye, Shigeru: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Philippine Islands]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons--Interrogation]]> Tsuneishi, Warren: narrator]]> Iwata, Joy: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Virginia ]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Vosges--Bruyeres, Belmont, Biffontaine]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> Matsuda, Don: narrator]]> Iwata, Joy: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> Industry and employment]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Mori, Jiro: narrator]]> Leivici, Joanne: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 September 07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Salt Lake City, Utah ]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons--Interrogation]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater]]> Kimura, Robert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 April 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Veteran history]]>
Overseas, Kubota carries an ojuzu (mediation beads) that are given to him from his Sunday school teachers. Kubota would wear the ojuzu in a pouch around his neck with his dog tags.

The journey overseas takes one month and he lands in Naples. In Naples Kubota sees devastation from war. Kubota's first combat is on June 26. In Belvedere, Kubota comes across a dead German soldier and the first time meeting 100th Infantry Battalion assisted in battle.

Kubota commends the bravery of medics helping his company when they are wounded. When his company's Platoon Sergeant is killed, Kubota receives a promotion. Kubota also shares a funny story sleeping in a buggy on a farm.


]]>
Kubota, Sadaichi: narrator]]> Matsunaga, Ford: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 September 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]>
World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--France]]> Mukai, George Taizo: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 May 03]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Manhattan, New York ]]>