Following the Italian Campaign, the men were moving fast, and there was no time to set up. Michael would set up the mortar at night to be prepared for any attack. He recalls climbing the mountain and describes the last push. The Gothic Line was a hard climb. Michael described the strategies of how the Company and Battalion would hike up the mountain.

Once Michael's Company broke the line because the side, they climbed was the least protected. The German soldiers did not anticipate anyone to get that far up. Once the line was broken, others followed suit. Not only were the American soldiers fighting against German soldiers, but there were Italian fascists.

After the Gothic Line, the German soldiers were ready to surrender and go home. In Leghorn, Michael guarded the German poisoners. When the news of the war ended, he went back to Italy and was discharged. Since the war ended, the atmosphere became more relaxed.

Michael returned to the States in November on a Liberty ship. He landed in Virginia and went to Chicago to be with Jean Doi and his family. Michael and Jean dated for a year before getting married. Later, Michael relocated to Georgia because he found a job as a chick sexer that paid well. After the war, Jimmy reenlisted and went to Japan to be with his parents.

Michael and Jean have two children, a son, a daughter, three grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. He explains why Niseis are reluctant to discuss wartime or camp experience. As a result, Micahel does not talk much about his wartime experiences with his children.

Michael also talks about the significance of various patches, badges, and medals the GIs wore and received. The soldiers in his outfit received the Bronze Star. Michael also earned the Combat Infantryman Badge which he was proud of.

Michael recalls the 50th Anniversary of Bruyeres and revisiting the area of Bruyeres. Although the foxholes were covered by moss, He could still see the remanences of the war.
]]>
Doi, Michael: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

In 1939, their parents returned to Japan and moved back to Chicago, IL, after the war for a few years. Michael and Jimmy's parents decided to settle back in Japan because all their friends were there. Michael and Jimmy describe their parents as gentle and caring.

Although their parents were Buddhist, the children were raised as Christian. A traditional holiday celebrated in the house was New Year. The children were taught well and grew up to be good citizens.

Michael and Jimmy discuss their school years and participating in sports. At home Michael and Jimmy help with house chores or farm work. Their oldest brother had two produce stores, and Michael helped. Michael and Jimmy recall December 7 and the aftermath that followed.

Jimmy recollects his Sunday School Teacher saying he was American. The following day, Jimmy's friends treated him differently at lunchtime, and he ate lunch alone. Although some people treated the Japanese Americans as an outcast, the Oxnard community treated the Japanese Americans well.

Almost a month after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Michael was drafted. He went to San Pedro, Camp MacArthur, before going to Rockford, IL. The Japanese American soldiers were assigned to the Medical Training Center, where Michael trained to be a medic and worked in a hospital as an attendant.

Later, Michael went to Camp Blanding, Florida, to be a replacement for the 442nd. Michael transitioned from being a medic to an infantryman. After completing training, he went overseas to be a replacement for the 100th and 442nd.
]]>
Doi, Jimmy: narrator]]> Doi, Michael John: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-03-07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Hershey's wife, Terry, learned he was a POW in 1952 when the government released the names of the POWs. Hershey was allowed to write letters to Terry. However, the Chinese government censored the letters.

Hershey made friends at the POW camp. He learned to sing Japanese songs and Hiragana. To help pass the time, Hershey and other POWs discussed food shared recipes.

During the first month in camp, everyone went through interrogation and wrote an autobiography. The camp Hershey was at was also known as a reactionary camp. Hershey and the other POWs were given communist literature and had discussions.

Hershey learned they would be released. He recalls crossing the border and seeing the American flag. Hershey was in a state of shock because for a year and a half, he heard they would be going home, and now it was happening.

After leaving the POW camp, Hershey spent a week in Inchon, Korea, before going home. In Gallup, Hershey was surprised by a welcoming parade with dignitaries, jets, and the Gallup community.

After receiving the Medal of Honor, Hershey's life changed. Being a Medal of Honor recipient, Hershey felt his duty was to show the country his gratitude and what the medal represents. The recognition signifies the millions of soldiers that survived and died for their service.

Post-war, Hershey worked a few jobs before working at a service station for 25 years. Terry has three children (two sons and one daughter) and four grandchildren. Hershey and Terry's children and grandchildren are doing well and are healthy.

Hershey wants to share with the future generations about voting and learning about the Korean War history. For the recipients who were upgraded to the Medal of Honor, Hershey felt it was too late, but it is better than not getting the recognition they deserve. All these men deserve citations and awards for their accomplishments.



]]>
Miyamura, Hiroshi "Hershey"; narrator]]> Yamazaki, Christine; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-07-24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

In Japan, Hershey's father was drafted into the Japanese Military. Three years later, Hershey's parents returned to the United States. Hershey's parents settled in Gallup in 1906.

Hershey lost his mother when he was eleven years old, and his father had to raise seven children alone. His father was very strict and ran a restaurant called Ok Cafe.

Hershey's father instilled in him to be a good person and citizen. When the children were not in school, they helped at the restaurant. Hershey, favorite memory was a family gathering and eating Japanese food. Hershey loved sushi the most.

Hershey’s favorite childhood activities were hanging out with his friends, boxing, fishing, hunting, and bowling. At 14 years old, Hershey’s father bought him a car.

Growing up in Gallup, the community was diverse. He was aware of his Japanese ancestry and did not feel different from his peers. In the Army, Hershey made many good friends too.]]>
Miyamura, Hiroshi "Hershey"; narrator]]> Yamazaki, Christine; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-07-24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Arriving overseas, Tetsuo got sick and was hospitalized in Marseilles, France, for a few days. He joined his company, G Company, 2nd Battalion, 442nd, in Sospel, France, and was in the mortar section. He recollects climbing a mountain with G Company and living in dugouts on the border of France and Italy.

The next combat was the Lost Battalion rescue. The G Company was hit hard because they had 800 casualties. Following was the Champagne Campaign. Tetsuo said the Champagne Campaign had no heavy troop movement compared to the Lost Battalion. Later, the 442nd received orders from General Mark Clark to come back to Italy to break the Gothic Line.  

In the last push, the 100th went north. The 2nd Battalion was the center. The 3rd Battalion was on the right. After a few days, Tetsuo rejoined the line from the hospital. Tetsuo remembers being on assignment as a litter-bearer in Casa Poggio and being under German artillery fire.]]>
Asato, Tetsuo; narrator]]> Horsting, Robert; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-11-29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California]]>

At school, there were not many Japanese American students. The first part of Enoch’s school years was at a country school. After moving to the city, he attended a city school district. Enoch also attends Japanese Language School briefly. On the weekends, Enoch helped his father at the family store.

Besides school and helping his father, Enoch had a carefree childhood enjoying cowboy movies and watching sports games. He describes having fun exploring different Naval ships during Navy Week in Portland. Moreover, Enoch was social in the Japanese Community through the Medothist Church.

On December 7, Enoch’s life changed like many other Japanese Americans. Soon after the Declaration of War, restrictions were issued for a curfew and turned in weapons and radios. Enoch was unsure of the future. In April 1942, Enoch and his family arrived at the Assembly Center. Enoch recalls hearing news about the draft and receiving his 4C card from the Draft Board in Minidoka. ]]>
Kanaya, Enoch; narrator]]> Yamagami, Don; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006-06-25]]> Oral Histories]]>

Henry Gary Shiota discusses camp life and joins a club at school. He recalls sponsoring his first dance and not having a high attendance. Eventually, he discovers how to promote his club's events. Gary's club becomes the most successful at Rohwer, AK.

The living quarters in the camp have no privacy because the barracks are shared spaces. Gary learns to have selective hearing. He says selective hearing helps him later in life too. In contrast, Gary says there is a kinship between the Japanese Americans and the African Americans since they both face discrimination.

In 1943, everyone in the camp is given a loyalty questionnaire. Gary explains how the questions are answered and the reasons why. Some of his friends answer no-no and are transfer to Tule Lake. On his graduation day, Gary does not enjoy the festivities because his friends are at Tule Lake.
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Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

There are four members in Gary's family since his mother remarries. Gary describes the barrack structure and living conditions. Gary says it is easy to make friends at camp but going to different mess halls to eat. The structure of the mess halls at the assembly center changes the family dynamic doing meal times. Before camp, Japanese American families would eat together. Now the children look for their peers to eat with them. In addition, the parents are finding jobs in camp to earn extra money.

After a few months at Stockton Assembly Center, Gary and his family go to Rohwer, AK. The trip takes four days, and there are no showers amenities. In Rohwer, there are approximately 9,500 Japanese Americans. Gary says they arrive at Rohwer in October and the Issei parents organize a schooling system for the children.

Gary is a junior in high school, and there are approximately 170 students. He meets different peers from Washington and various parts of California. Before the war, Gary recalls his mother telling him that he is born and raised in the United States. America is his homeland. His mother also instills in him the attitude of shikata ga nai and do not make waves.]]>
Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--Veteran history]]> Industry and employment]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Koga, Masao: narrator ]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1998 December 30]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Child rearing]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> Sako, Joe: narrator ]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 May 1]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Alameda, California ]]>
During wartime, Tom worked at Mitsubishi. Tom explained there were no opportunities for Nisei to be an engineer in the United States. To work for Mitsubishi, Tom had to regain his Japanese citizenship. In doing so, he lost his American citizenship.

Tom learned his family was doing ok after Pearl Harbor after receiving a note in a package from his mother. After the war, airmail was allowed between the United States and Japan.

After working at Mitsubishi, Tom worked for a chemical engineering construction company. Later, he received an offer to work for Kenwood. To work in the United States, Tom got his Green Card. For the latter part of Tom's career, he worked for Kenwood in the United States. He retired from Kenwood after ten years. Tom also went to Oak Ridge, the Secret City to discuss atomic energy.

Tom describes the different chapters of his life, from growing up in the United States, working in Japan after college, and returning to the United States to work. Being a Nisei helped him after the war. Japanese companies wanted his ability to speak English and Japanese. Tom also learned the business as a Nisei and as a Japanese. He felt fortunate to be accepted as a Japanese and a Japanese American.]]>
Umeda, Tom Shigetoki: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Tom recalls talking to the man who created the aircraft department at Mitsubishi and how he collected data from American aircraft to construct the zero fighters.

Tom worked in the Navy section on zero fighters. His assignment was the 6th and 7th versions of the landing gear. Tom describes creating and getting approval of the landing gear design.

He designed the landing gear with the philosophy of not using a dead weight. His goal was to make the landing gear as durable and light as possible. After several trials, Tom succeeded with his calculations.
However, the war ended, and Tom's design did not make it in time. ]]>
Umeda, Tom Shigetoki: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Tom has two younger sisters, and they grew up in Los Angeles, CA, near Chinatown. Later the family moved to Boyle Heights, CA. Tom attended elementary school for eight years and participated in an athletic club. Later, he goes to Lincoln High School for four years.
]]>
Umeda, Tom Shigetoki: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Taira's father is Buntaro Fukushima, and he was born on August 2, 1881. Taira's father comes from a farming community in Japan. Taira's father works hard and is an honest man.

Taira's mother, Maru Tateyama Fukushima, is a picture bride from Japan. Taira's mother cooks the family meals and he recollects always getting green apples. Taira says his mother will sacrifice anything for their children. During the summertime, Taira and his three siblings ask for ice cream. As a child, Taira thinks his mother doesn't likes ice cream. However, she loves ice cream. Taira's mother does not eat the ice cream to save it for the children.

Growing up, the Fukushima family is Buddhist. At Japanese language school, the Buddhist Priest would teach the classes. Sometimes the school's space is used for shows or Japanese movie screenings with a narrator. Taira says these are the social activities that parents and children enjoy. Another childhood activity Taira enjoys is playing with his neighborhood friends Eddie Harvey and Susumu Kitano.

Taira discusses his school years at Hobart Boulevard School, Berendo Junior High School, and John H. Francis Polytechnic High School. Furthermore, he attends Japanese language school after school.

]]>
Fukushima, Taira: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Matsuda, Irvin: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008-07-08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Golden, Colorado ]]>
In 1938, Harold graduates high school and goes to the University of Washington for two years. Harold recalls the attack on Pearl Harbor. His brother, Masanori, is still in Japan studying abroad. However, Masanori makes it back to the United States on the last ship to Seattle. Harold discusses the effects of Pearl Harbor and the family's grocery store.

When evacuation orders are announced, Harold and his family go to Puyallup and then to Minidoka. He describes the living conditions at the camp. The Army is asking for volunteers for the 442nd. However, Harold is not accepted. Then after three months at Minidoka, Harold goes to harvest crops in Twin Falls. In Twin Falls, Harold and Edith get married.

In Denver, Harold receives his draft notice from the Army. June of 1944, Harold is inducted at Fort Douglas, Utah, and goes to Camp Shelby for basic training.]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

In Seattle, WA, his father opens a grocery store. Harold's father enjoys fishing and tennis. Harold's memorable moment with his father is when they go fishing. Harold's other childhood activities are going to the movies and Boy Scouts.

Harold attends Central Elementary School and Japanese Language School. Later he attends Garfield High School. Growing up, Harold says he does not experience discrimination or prejudice. The people in Seattle are friendly.

At home, Harold speaks both Japanese and English. His parents instilled in him Japanese traditions and values. ]]>
Horiuchi, Harold: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Military service]]> Religion and churches]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Veterans]]> World War II--France]]> Black, Millard: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001-01-20]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Los Angeles, California]]>
Tony arrives back in Kyushu, Japan, after Manchuria. He visits several areas in Japan. He goes to Kyoto to see what Japan would look like pre-war. Kyoto is the only city not bombed during World War Two because there were no war industries, and Kyoto is not a military center.

In May 1946, one of the other interpreters visits his family in Hiroshima, and Tony goes with him. Tony describes the devastation of the atomic bomb. The hills are blackened, and all the buildings are destroyed. Tony says it is a sight you can never forget. Despite the destruction of Hiroshima, the locals are trying to survive. In contrast, Tokyo has a few standing buildings.

Tony is discharged from the Army in December 1946. He attends the University of Washington and joins the reserves to make extra money, and the Korean War starts. However, Tony is not called to active duty due to his classification. Tony graduates college in June and is hired to be an Air Force interrogator in Tokyo, Japan.

Japan has changed drastically change from 1946 to 1951. Almost all the damages from the bombing are repaired. With the Korean War happening, the American Army needs the assistance of Japan. Tony says Japan is a tremendous help with the Korean War. In Japan, Tony's job is to interrogate Japanese soldier prisoners from Siberia. The Japanese prisoners have all of the strategic intel from working in the area. The American air Forces is in dire need of this information because of the Cold War.

Tony is in Japan from 1951 to 1956. Tony is an interrogator until the Peace Treaty is signed. Afterward, he works on special projects such as invasion and escapes studies for aircrews as a Department of Air Force (DAF). Later, he becomes a historian at Headquarters Pacific Air Forces and documents current Air Force History.

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Koura, Tony: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Ray attended Coronado High School and got good grades. He credits his education in Japan for doing well in high school. In addition to Ray's academic studies, he was elected student body treasurer and ran track. Ray was popular with his peers and had many friends.

On December 7, 1941, Ray's life changed when Pearl Harbor was attacked. Many of Ray's friends treated him differently at school, and Ray was forcibly removed to Santa Anita Assembly Center and then to Poston, AZ.

Ray relocated alone because his father was in Crystal City, Texas, and his older brother volunteered for the Army in 1942. Life in the camp was tough, and Ray had to care for himself.

Ray graduated from high school in the camp and left Poston to work in Chicago, IL. Soon after, he found a better job working as a bookkeeper. Ray saved enough money to attend the University of Minnesota, and when his finances ran low, he volunteered for the Army.

Ray started his career as an auditor working in Japan at the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) during the occupation. Next, he was a translator in Tokyo civil service and Okinawa civil service. Ray's second time in Japan was with the Air Force Audit Agency and working around Asia. When Ray retired, Northrop offered him a job and traveled to Korea, Saudi Arabia, and various states in the United States for auditing.

In Ray's retirement years, he enjoys playing golf and going on cruises. Ray has been married to the love of his life for 57 years and has three children and three grandchildren. Ray hopes his grandchildren have a good education and a job they enjoy. For the future of America, he hopes there are no more wars.]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

In the United States, Ray's father was a successful farmer until the Great Depression. His parents taught him to work hard, be honest, and do well in school. Besides working on the farm, Ray went to school. He got good grades and participated in clubs and sports.

When World War Two ended, Ray went to Japan for the occupation. He discusses his thoughts on Nisei's contributions and the rebuilding of Japan.
]]>
Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons]]> Industry and employment]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Shishido, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Another social event is movies at the Japanese Community Center or going to the movie theater. The churches also have social events for the Japanese American Communities.

During their school years, they did not recall hearing much about world events. They remember Joe is a good student and he enjoys repairing things. Chiye shares how Joe signs up for the Army.

Chiye and Seichi recall Pearl Harbor and December 7. ]]>
Watanabe, Chiye: narrator]]> Hayashi, Henry: narrator]]> Nakawatase, Seiichi: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Chiye's family lives in Salinas, CA, before moving to Los Angeles, CA, after Chiye's father passes away. In Pasadena, Chiye's mother meets Seichi's father and remarries.

Chiye, Henry, and Seiichi describe their parents and their childhood going up in Salinas and Pasadena. They all attend Japanese Language School besides attending primary school.

Chiye is closest to Joe because they are fourteen months apart in age. One of Joe's hobbies is raising pigeons. ]]>
Watanabe, Chiye: narrator]]> Hayashi, Henry: narrator]]> Nakawatase, Seiichi: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Jumpei grows up in Montebello and helps his father with farming. Jumpei's favorite sport is baseball. He has one sister, Chizuko, and one brother, Kay.

Jumpei discusses his school years from attending Laguna Elementary School in Montebello, high school, and Japanese Language School. His favorite activity at school is sports, especially baseball. During his free time, he rides his bike, goes hiking, and participates in Boy Scouts. On Sundays, he attends Christian Church in Montebello.

In 1939, he graduated high school and continued to help his father with farming. Jumpei recalls the Pearl Harbor aftermath. Jumpei's family goes to Santa Anita Assembly Center when evacuation orders are announced. After six months, Jumpei goes to Detroit, MI, for work, and then he is drafted into the Army.

After basic training, Jumpei goes overseas to Europe. He is assigned to Company D, Heavy Weapons. He shares a story of how his Squad Leader keeps the unit safe from the German soldiers.

When the war ends, Jumpei stays in Italy for three months before returning back to the United States. He goes to Chicago to reunite with his parents. Post-war, Jumpei looks for mechanic work.





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Mine, Jumpei: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

In Ridley, Frank and his parents work on a peach farm until they receive evacuation orders. Previously, Frank grows up with mainly Caucasian people. After moving to Ridley, a farming community, and Poston, Frank discusses the culture shock.

Frank and his parents go to Poston, Camp 3, and he recounts the living conditions. At Poston, Frank continues his education, and his parents find jobs within the camp. Frank recalls his mother's family are relocated to Gila River.

In June of 1943, Frank and his parents leave Poston. Frank finishes high School and gets a job analyzing paint. In January of 1945, Frank receives his draft notice and starts his military career. ]]>
Hiratsuka, Frank: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank's grandfather is a farmer, and Frank's father briefly works on the farm until he gets another job. Both Frank's parents work in private homes and live at the employer's home. Frank's parents are hard-working and work six days a week.

During the Great Depression, Frank says life is not difficult because his parents have a stable job. Although his parents are always working, they do have time off to spend with family and friends. Frank says New Year is a festive holiday with Japanese food and family.

At school, Frank's favorite subjects are art and music. He plays numerous instruments from the violin, saxophone to the clarinet. He recalls performing at the World Fair with his school band.

Frank's childhood activities consist of games, marbles, movies, and listening to adventure shows on the radio.

On December 7, Frank remembers listening to the radio and hearing the news broadcast about Pearl Harbor. Frank and his parents and the bus driver from the Japanese School decide to go to Ridley (the safe zone).

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Hiratsuka, Frank: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

When Fort Snelling disbanded, the soldiers transfer to Presidio, Monterey. At Presidio, Ray remains with F Company and has the same duties at Fort Snelling. On some occasions, he visits San Francisco.

The war ends, and Ray discusses his thought on the atomic bomb dropping in Japan. After being discharged from the Army, Ray does not reenlist.

Post-war, Ray becomes an independent farmer with his brother, Tan. Also, Ray marries Mary Muramatsu and has three children. Ray describes photographs of his family and sports team. Ray values and appreciates his family and friends. He says he is grateful for the opportunity to make an oral history and share his war and camp experiences with future generations.
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Shiiki, Ray: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

The Fujii family lives in a farming community, and the family all works on the farm. Edward and his siblings attend Troutdale Grade School and Gresham High School.

On December 7, Edward and his family are working on the farm when they hear the news about Pearl Harbor. Edward discusses the aftermath of Pearl Harbor.

The Fujii family goes to the assembly center and later is relocated to Nyssa, OR. When Edward and his family return to Troutdale, he receives his draft notice from the Army.


]]>
Fujii, Edward: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Military service--Post-World War II service]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Asato, Jotoku: narrator]]> Oka, Leonard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui. Hawaii]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Education]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Asato, Jotoku: narrator]]> Oka, Leonard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]>
After the war, Coolidge returned to the United States. He participated in a parade for President Harry Truman. Coolidge explains there were mixed emotions about participating in the parade. He felt soldiers of the 100th and 442nd who were killed in action are the true heroes. The Niseis' contribution to the war showed that they worked hard, persevered, and were loyal.

President Truman's speech made Coolidge feel it was worth serving in the Military. President Truman recognized the Japanese Americans as loyal citizens. The Niseis were successful in the war because the Japanese American soldiers fought cohesively. The Niseis worked well together and trusted each other in battle.

After the parade in New Jersey, he traveled to the Panama Canal. He returned to Hawaii and had a festive homecoming celebration. Later, he went to the mainland to pursue his higher education at Grinnell College Iowa. In 1949, Coolidge graduated college and went to the University of Buffalo New York. He interned for one year at LA County General Hospital, then Coolidge received a fellowship at Mayo Clinic. He was the first Nisei to be accepted into the Mayo Clinic.

In 1958, Coolidge finished his fellowship at Mayo Clinic and returned to Hawaii to open his practice. Coolidge worked for 50 years before retiring. In 1956, Coolidge married Edith Yamasaki, and have four children and five grandchildren. Coolidge shares a message for his grandchildren and great-grandchildren to remember the golden rule. Be honest, respect your country, be loyal, and do not bring shame to the family.

When the Government gave reparation to the Japanese Americans, Coolidge gave his reparations to the Cox family who hosted him and to Tully High School.

At the end of the interview, Coolidge narrated photographs from wartime and post-war.
]]>
Wakai, Coolidge: narrator]]> Yee, T.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Veteran history]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Identity and values--Nisei]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Tokunaga, Toshio: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 November 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bellevue, Washington]]>
Kenichi is proud of his family, especially of his brother Kiyoshi. Kenichi says Kiyoshi is a true soldier. Anyone who knows Kiyoshi would say the same. He is an outstanding soldier who goes beyond the call of duty.

Kenichi recalls his family receiving a letter that Kiyoshi's Department of the Army Civilian Award (DAC) is upgraded to the Medal of Honor. The whole Muranaga family travels to Washington DC for the ceremony.

On the day of the ceremony, there are at least 20 recipients of the Medal of Honor. Kenichi discusses the contribution of the Nisei legacy and what it means to be in a segregated unit.

Although the government gives reparations, Kenichi shares his sentiments on the issue.

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Muranaga, Kenichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

In 1944, Kiyoshi volunteers for the 442nd. Kenichi and Yoshiro also want to volunteer, but Kiyoshi says one person from their family is enough. Their mother agrees.

At Amache, a loyalty questionnaire is given to the internees. Kenichi explains his thoughts on the questions and what is a no-no boy. Although, Santa Anita and Amache's security is almost the same. Kenchi says you can leave Amache to go to work. Sometimes Kenichi goes to the nearest city Granada for entertainment.

In camp, Kenichi receives his draft notice and reports to Fort Logan for induction. After, he goes to Camp Blanding for his basic training. While in basic training, Kenichi gets news of his brother Kiyoshi's death. Kenichi returns to Amache for the funeral service.

When Kenichi goes overseas, he understands what war is. He sees causalities first hand. He describes Champagne Campaign, Bruyeres, and the Gothic Line. At the end of the war, Kenichi has a chance to join the Military Intelligence Service (MIS). However, he decides to return to the States and get married.

Post-war, Kenichi marries Yoshiko, and they have been married for 60 years. He works a few jobs before owning seven laundromats.
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Muranaga, Kenichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Minoru and his siblings helped their father on the farm before and after school. Minoru attended Warm Springs Grammar School and then Washington High School. In addition to attending primary school, he attended Japanese Language School.

When the Miyasaki family was not farming, they would travel around the Bay Area to visit relatives, do Japanese grocery shopping, celebrate festivals, and saw Japanese films.

On December 7, Minoru was at home when he heard the news about Pearl Harbor on the radio. The following day at school, all the Japanese American students were sent home from school and were told to stay home until the war ended. Later, the government issued restrictions such as blackouts, curfew, and travel restrictions.

In pre-war times, Minoru recalled discrimination. His father could not vote and own land. Also, Asians were not allowed to swim in public swimming pools or live in certain neighborhoods. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Minoru and his family evacuated to Tanofran and Topaz, Utah. Minoru graduated High school in Topaz.]]>
Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

At an early age, Dan has many responsibilities beyond his years. He works in the family business and cares for his siblings. Life is a struggle, but Dan is grateful for the learning opportunities.

After the Pearl Harbor attack, the FBI takes away Dan's father to a detention center. Then evacuation orders are announced. Dan leaves the University of California, Berkeley, during his sophomore year and goes to camp with his mother. Dan and his mother go to Turlock and then Gila River. Dan's brother goes to Swarthmore College and his sister, Amy attends Boston University for a year.

Dan leaves camp to continue his education. He attends Loras College in Dubuque, Iowa. He describes his college and Berkeley years and working part-time.

In camp, Dan is given a questionnaire. He explains the answers "no-no" and "yes-yes". Dan answers "yes-yes" and that makes him eligible for being drafted. Dan receives his draft notice when he is at Loras College. ]]>
Uchimoto, Dan: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles discusses what happens after he escapes from the German soldiers. Julian with another Officer, finds shelter on an Italian civilian's property until they can rejoin the American lines. Julian does not reunite with the American troops until mid-October.

Ray Wells and his Company are training until their next action. They move to Mount Rotondo. Ray discusses the attitudes of the civilians. Food is scarce during the wartimes.

At Mount Rotondo, everyone in Ray's squad is hit by artillery fire. Ray is hospitalized for several weeks. During his recovery, he meets General MacArthur and Hideichi Shimabukuro from the 100th.

When Ray receives news about his brother, he goes AWOL but returns to the frontlines. After recovery, Ray attaches himself to G Company (rifle company) and goes to San Pietro, Italy.

During this time, Julian and his troops are in Monte Cassino. After Monte Cassino, Julian is Battalion S3 (Plans and Training Officer). He is promoted a few more times throughout the European Theater when the higher officers are killed in action.

Even though there are many losses of soldiers from combat, Julian says the morale remains the same. Replacements are brought in to help with the men killed in action or wounded in action.

In Rome, Julian remembers there is a lot of marching. The Germans have set up a few diversions for the American soldiers such as roadblocks and Middle Eastern soldiers to help on the ground. Julian recalls before Monte Cassino, he is sitting on the mountain and watching two British Army soldiers.

Both Ray and Julian discuss the German weapons, mines, and observations planes.]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles discusses what happens after he escapes from the German soldiers. Julian with another Officer, finds shelter on an Italian civilian's property until they can rejoin the American lines. Julian does not reunite with the American troops until mid-October.

Ray Wells and his Company are training until their next action. They move to Mount Rotondo. Ray discusses the attitudes of the civilians. Food is scarce during the wartimes.

At Mount Rotondo, everyone in Ray's squad is hit by artillery fire. Ray is hospitalized for several weeks. During his recovery, he meets General MacArthur and Hideichi Shimabukuro from the 100th.

When Ray receives news about his brother, he goes AWOL but returns to the frontlines. After recovery, Ray attaches himself to G Company (rifle company) and goes to San Pietro, Italy.

During this time, Julian and his troops are in Monte Cassino. After Monte Cassino, Julian is Battalion S3 (Plans and Training Officer). He is promoted a few more times throughout the European Theater when the higher officers are killed in action.

Even though there are many losses of soldiers from combat, Julian says the morale remains the same. Replacements are brought in to help with the men killed in action or wounded in action.

In Rome, Julian remembers there is a lot of marching. The Germans have set up a few diversions for the American soldiers such as roadblocks and Middle Eastern soldiers to help on the ground. Julian recalls before Monte Cassino, he is sitting on the mountain and watching two British Army soldiers.

Both Ray and Julian discuss the German weapons, mines, and observations planes.]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
Education]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Race--Segregation]]> Tsuji, Isami Mike: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 February 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Industry and employment--Agriculture]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> Tsuneishi, Noel: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 February 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>
Seichi describes growing up on a plantation in Molokai and being near a Leper Colony. Seichi attends Molokai Elementary School, Molokai Intermediate School, and Molokai High School. Throughout his school years, he participates in sports and the plantation league.

After graduating High School, he works on the plantation at the auto repair shop. He recalls December 7, and the restrictions that are in effect after the Pearl Harbor attack. Seichi volunteers for the military. When he passes his physical he is sent to Schofield barracks.

Seichi goes overseas to the Mainland for basic training at Camp Shelby. Seichi discusses his basic training experience and segregation in Mississippi. ]]>
Sakaida, Seichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Clarence and Robert discuss their employment after graduating high school. Clarence works at a lumber mill and Robert is employed at the Hawaiian cannery. Later, Robert works for defense contractors.

Both Clarence and Robert reflect on the Pearl Harbor attack on December 7 and the effects after. Clarence talks about Marshall Law and the restrictions following the attack. Robert says he feels guilty about Pearl Harbor even though he is Japanese American. He recalls his friends looking at him differently after the bombing, and being labeled an enemy alien. Robert's father tells him, this is your home, you need to protect your country.

When the military announcements for volunteers, Clarence decides to volunteer. He takes his physical exam and passes. He goes to Schofield Barracks and departs to the mainland. Robert decides to volunteer to protect his brothers. Both men go to Camp Shelby for basic training. ]]>
Nagata, Robert: narrator
Tamayori, Clarence: narrator]]>
Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> Social activities]]> Matsui, Yeiki: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 October 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]>
Paul discusses what it means to be a Nisei soldier. Despite the Japanese Americans being classified as 4C, they wanted to serve their home country when they did not have to. The Nisei services show their bravery, loyalty, and patriotism than any other group.

The 100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team is the most highly decorated unit with the medals and honors they receive. Paul explains why the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) worked as individuals. There are approximately 5,000 MIS men overseas. As a result, it is very hard for anyone to be recognized. Moreover, the MIS duties are confidential and not publicized. The Nisei soldiers are different types of soldiers and should be recognized. They help shorten the war.

In Washington DC, there is a recognition monument with Nisei soldiers' names engraved on it. In spite of being discriminated against, placed in camp, and not considered American citizens to serve, the Nisei became the best soldiers in the United States military. The Nisei soldiers should be remembered for their contributions.
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Bannai, Paul: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank grows up during the Great Depression. Although money is hard to earn during the Great Depression, Frank's father buys a house for around $2,000. Asians could not own homes or property because of the Alien Land Law. After camp, Frank's sister's name is on the deed because she is an American citizen.

The Matsuda family lives in the community of Ballard in Seattle. The demographic is predominately Scandinavian. Frank remembers there are four Japanese American families plus them. Frank has many friends on 69th Street.

Frank recalls December 7 and the evacuation orders, Executive Order 9066 (EO9066). He says the Japanese Americans becomes the most hated people after Pearl Harbor. The Matsuda family goes to Puyallup and Minidoka. He describes the living conditions and provisions in camp.

Frank did not stay at Minidoka for long. He takes the opportunity to work on a sugar beet farm in Idaho. Later he goes to Salt Lake City to work at a meatpacking company and restaurant. ]]>
Matsuda, Frank Tadao: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values--Children]]> Arts and literature]]> Fujikawa, Misuo John: narrator]]> Fujikawa, Miyo: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 15 ]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Education]]> Fujikawa, Misuo John: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 September 15]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>
Tadayoshi recalls what San Francisco is like in the 1900s with coal stoves, gaslight street lights, and empty lots to play in. He grows up during the Great Depression era and is grateful for always having food to eat.

Growing up in a bilingual and bicultural family is difficult at times. Tadayoshi speaks Japanese and learns Japanese traditions at home. When interfacing with the public, Tadayoshi speaks English. He has several good friends and describes their childhood activities. Tadayoshi also remembers seeing the development of the Golden Gate Bridge.

After graduating from High School, he attends Berkeley University of California. Tadayoshi recalls December 7 and the events following after. ]]>
Sugiyama, Tadayoshi: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Industry and employment]]> Sato, Kenichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]>
He is assigned to Company B 442nd. On his weekend passes, Yoroku goes to Hattiesburg and sees segregation for the first time. He describes serval incidents of discrimination. Yoroku discusses Earl Finch. Mr. Finch did not show discrimination to anyone and is equal to all persons. Yoroku also describes the relationship between Mainland and Hawaiian boys at Camp Shelby.

After Camp Shelby, Yoroku goes to Newport Dunes, Virginia, and is a replacement for the 100th. Yoroku goes on a convoy for 30 days to go to Naples, Italy.

The first battle Yoroku is in is at Belvedere. He discusses his thought and feelings. The worst experience of war is seeing his friends getting wounded and killed in combat. He reflects on the Po Campaign and how he gets hurt on his leg at this battle.

Overseas, he meets friends from Maui and corresponds back home to his family about his encounters. Yoroku receives the Purple Heart and Bronze Star for his Army Service. ]]>
Ito, Yoroku: narrator]]> Miyamoto, P: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]>

Growing up, Yoroku says all the kids, Japanese, Filipino and Portuguese played together. As a child, Yokoru enjoys watching movies and going to the Honganji for social gatherings. He is also part of the Boy Scouts.

Yoroku attends Puunene Grammer School and Japanese Language School. After Puunene Grammar School, he goes to Maui High School. In High School, he participates in seasonal sports.

In the summers, Yoroku works at the pineapple farm to earn money for his Boy Scout fee. After Yoroku graduates High School in 1940, he moves to O'ahu to work as a carpenter. He recalls seeing the Japan airplanes on December 7 and the following events after. Yoroku's loyalty to his family and country are the reasons for him to volunteer for the Army. ]]>
Ito, Yoroku: narrator]]> Miyamoto, P: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]>
Social activities]]> Identity and values]]> Industry and employment]]> Hagiwara, Patrick: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Ota, Kenneth: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> Japanese Americans--World War II]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Tule Lake]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Living conditions]]> Military service]]> Uratsu, Tetsushi Marvin: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002-05-25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> San Fransisco, California ]]> Education]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Togami, Henry: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 May 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Albuquerque, New Mexico ]]>
After the Assembly Center, James went to Tulare, Arizona. The camp was unfinished, and there were tranches. Moreover, at the far end of the camp, barracks were uncompleted. James lived in a barrack and described the living conditions and food.

At Tulare, James worked in the hospital as an orderly. His tasks ranged from carrying the deceased to the morgue, helping the nurses with physical duties, and whatever else needs to be done. Later, the camp had a camouflage project and James worked on that. Reflecting on camp life, James said it was somewhat like a vacation. He could do anything, spent time with friends, and there were dances on the weekends.

James recalls volunteers leaving camp for the Army. He said it was sad to see the volunteers leave because they were leaving behind family and loved ones. When news about the 100th and 442nd accomplishments in Cassino was in the newspaper, James was in Des Moines, ID, and he felt proud of the Niseis. James worked at Broadlawns General Hospital in Des Moines. Later James received a draft notice.

He went to several weeks of basic training before going to Camp Blanding. During basic training, the most significant thing James learned was endurance from marching. After completing basic training, James went to Minnesota by train. When James arrived at language school, there were about 1,000 men. There were different classes and duties to keep him busy. Although James went to Japanese Language School when he was younger, he had to train himself now to read, write, and speak Japanese. There was a test every weekend.
]]>
Murata, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

In 1934, James' father passed away, and the family stuck together to survive. Although James lost his father and later his brother, he did not change until World War Two because he was separated from his family. James was living in Guadalupe when Pearl Harbor was attacked.

A few days later, the Army moved into the community to patrol the streets. He recalls an encounter with a soldier going home. James said he was used to seeing the soldiers around because, before Pearl Harbor, the National Guards would come through town for the summer practices. There was a National Guard Headquarters 30 miles away from the community.

James recalled the FBI coming to his house asking for his father. James informed them that his father passed away, and the FBI left. Other families James knew had a different experience with the FBI. James recalled there were curfews and travel restrictions. Several months later, there was an evacuation notice. The Japanese Americans had no power or rights regardless of how they felt. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) could only listen to the government. The JACL was not able to make suggestions.

Assembly Center
James did own any treasures and only packed what he could carry to camp. James and his family evacuated to an Assembly Center. He described the living conditions and the guards posted at the gate. James would work inside the relocation center as an ambulance driver.
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Murata, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Growing up, James liked playing baseball. There was no radio at home to listen to the baseball games, but there was a phonograph. James' parents would listen to Japanese music, and James liked symphony music.

James' father had to relocate for work a few times before settling in Santa Moreno Valley. Growing up in Santa Moreno Valley, James had many friends at school.

Besides primary school, James attends Japanese Language School to please his parents. The Japanese Language teachers tried to teach the students how to read and write. However, the teachers were not strict. As he got older, James saw himself more as a Japanese American with western traditions due to the environment he grew up in.

James did not feel conflicted between Japanese culture and Western culture. He accepted what the teachers taught him at Japanese Language School. In primary school, he focused on his classwork. At home, his Issei parents taught him Japanese values and obligations. In school, James participated in tennis and football.

On Sundays, James’ family attended Buddhist church. Religion was a big part of his parents’ life. In James' spare time, he would watch feature filmed movies and Japanese movies.
]]>
Murata, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

In September 1942, Frank was 24 years old when he arrived in Heart Mountain. In June 1943, he was waiting to join the Army, but he never received the news. Frank was classified as 4C - enemy alien. Therefore, he went to work at a peach orchard in Utah. The family dynamics changed in camp. There was no more family mealtime, and you ate by yourself or with friends.

Another division created in camp was the loyalty questionnaire. The questionnaire created a discussion among the Japanese American men to volunteer or not volunteer for service. Frank and his younger brother decided to volunteer.

On July 26, he was inducted into the Army. Frank attends a Recruit School for basic training at Camp Shelby. In his free time, he would go to Hattiesburg and visit friends. He recalls the discrimination and segregation of African Americans. Frank shared a story about a bus ride to Rohwer and the treatment of African Americans.
]]>
Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Kitagawa, Ben: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 February 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Kitagawa, Ben: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 February 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Identity and values]]> Social activities]]> Kitagawa, Ben: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 February 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
A memorable moment in Japan for Hitoshi is the accomplishment of climbing Mount Fuji. He describes his journey up the mountain and seeing the sunrise.

Hitoshi returns to the United States after being in Japan for several years. He and his wife travel on an Army transport ship for thirteen days until to arrive in Seattle, WA.

Hitoshi and his wife go to Altadena, CA, where his sister lives. Hitoshi takes a civil service exam for a store helper and passes the exam. He feels it will be hard to make a living with this job. Therefore, he decides to return to school at USC in the evenings. At work, Hitoshi takes promotional exams and passes. Hitoshi ends up staying with the County of Los Angeles for 38 years and receives many promotions. He retires in 1983 from the standardization department as Supervisor Deputy.

Hitoshi's wife speaks little English, and he helps his wife, Utako, get a domestic job to immerse her in the English language. Utako works for McDonald Home in Altadena, and everyone loves her. Hitoshi and his wife have a daughter, Linda.

Hitoshi's message to future generations is to live a good life. Be kind to others and show compassion. Be honest with yourself. Be worthy of what you are doing and take responsibility as you should. Hitoshi reflects on his friend, Joe Hayashi. Post-war, Hitoshi stays active in the community and gives his time helping with others. ]]>
Sameshima, Hitoshi: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

At home, Hitoshi's Issei parents teach him and his siblings Shushin - Japanese morals and values. For example, honor the family, study hard, persevere, and Ganbare. Besides attending primary school, Hitoshi attends Japanese Language School and kendo. At home, Hitoshi speaks Japanese.

Growing up in Pasadena, Hitoshi attends the Pasadena Unified School District throughout his school years. The school district is a cosmopolitan demographic with diversity. As a child, Hitoshi feels everyone is the same despite coming from different ancestry. After graduating High School, Hitoshi works part-time to pay for his tuition at the University of Southern California.

He recalls his childhood friends and their Military service during World War Two.

]]>
Sameshima, Hitoshi: narrator]]> Sato, Christine: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Identity and values]]>
Since being from Santa Maria, Guadalupe, he discusses the difference between the city life in Little Tokyo and living in a rural community, Minamide recalls an incident when his Father is returning back from Japan and how there is issues docking the boat. Even with the ties with Japan, Minamide relates his identity as American.

On December 7, 1941 Minamide learns about the bombing of Pearl Harbor on the radio. He is at home with his family about to celebrate a wedding. He discusses his reactions to the news and the following days after.

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Minamide, Akira: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 February 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California]]>

Eddy and his family return to the Imperial Valley after Japan. Eddy says he feels like a foreigner coming back to the United States even though he is a loyal American citizen. Living in Hiroshima, Japan, for three years, Eddy picks up the Hiroshima dialect. As a result, he has a hard time communicating with his peers.

In 1939, the Kurushima family moved to Fresno, CA, and attended Washington Union High School. At school, Eddy did not feel accepted by the other Nisei. Eddy mentions, his son experiences the same intercultural prejudices with his peers. In 1942 Eddy and his family were evacuated to camp.

After World War Two, Eddy goes to the Occupation of Japan in 1946. He recalls visiting his relatives and feeling empathy for them. Eddy describes Hiroshima before and after the atomic bombing. ]]>
Kurushima, Masato Eddy: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Tommy is the oldest of the children. He has a sister and two brothers. Tommy's first childhood home is on a farm. Growing up, he helps his father on the farm. If Tommy has free time, he hangs out with his friends and goes to the skating ring and movies.

Tommy recalls his school years and being the teachers' favorite student. Besides attending primary school, he goes to Japanese language school. After graduating high school in 1939, Tommy worked on a farm other than his family farm to earn money. Tommy also works at a home appliance store in Gardena, CA, as a delivery man.

On December 7, 1941, Tommy hears the news about Pearl Harbor while eating breakfast at his regular restaurant. He does not experience discrimination. Growing up, Tommy does not experience discrimination either. He says he feels the same as everyone since he was born and raised in the United States.

Tommy recalls the evacuation notices and preparing to go to Santa Anita Assembly Center. He describes the living conditions and feeling degraded. Tommy says there is nothing you can do but accept the situation, shikata ga nai.


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Mayekawa, Tommy: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Masato Mauch Yamashita is born on December 27, 1924, in Lodi, CA. Lloyd Katsuto Fujitani is born January 1, 1917, in Lodi, CA. Both Masato and Lloyd are with 442nd Company I. Masato, and Lloyd's parents are from Japan.

Masato and Lloyd's parents are hard-working and care for the family. They both grow up in farming communities. Masato lives in Lodi, CA and Lloyd lives in Acampo, CA. They live 20 minutes away from each other.

Although Masato is an only child, his cousins live nearby, and he has neighborhood friends to play with him. Lloyd is the oldest child in his family, and he has one brother and a sister. Growing up, Masato and Lloyd do not experience discrimination. However, when the war starts, Masato experiences racism.

At home, Masato speaks Japanese, and his parents instilled in him to be hard-working and honest. Lloyd's parents teach him to be hard-working, honest, and Christianity. Masato and Lloyd recall their school years. They both love sports. Masato plays baseball, and Lloyd plays football.

On New Year, Masato and Lloyd's family go to each other's homes to eat. Masato and Lloyd say their mother cooks very well. On occasions, Masato goes to watch movies. He recalls some of his favorite cowboy actors. ]]>
Yamashita, Masato: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Maya also shares how he met his wife at Poston. His grandson, Daniel, served in Germany and did three tours in Iraq. Daniel came home safe.
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Miyamoto, Maya: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Before December 7, 1941, Paul's brother, Joe, and cousin were drafted into service. Paul recalls hearing about the Pearl Harbor attack on the way to see his cousin leave for the Philippines. Paul was a senior in high school when President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066.

March of 1942, the Ichiuji family evacuated, and Paul left school and his friends behind. Paul and his family went to Poston, AZ. Joe was discharged by the Government and he joined his family in Poston. Later, Joe volunteered for the 442nd.

Paul left Boston to go to school and was drafted when he was reclassified to 1A. Before going overseas, he was recruited into the Military Intelligence Service School. However, Paul was not fluent in Japanese. Later, he was recruited to the CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps).

After completing his training at Camp Holabird, Paul went overseas to the occupation of Japan. He spent his time in Mie-ken, Japan, gathering information. Paul made relationships with Japanese Government Officials, Informants, and Japanese nationals.

Before returning home to the United States, Paul recalls the CIC was interrogated by an investigative team. There was a complaint about the Black Market. Paul discusses the Blacket Market and its connection with getting intel.
]]>
Ichiuji, Paul: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Identity and values]]> Aki, Patrick: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 February 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> Industry and employment]]> Aki, Patrick: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2011 February 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]>
George was sent home early from the occupation and went to Schofield. He was at Schofield for six months and was assigned to the motor pool as a dispatcher. At the end of George's service, his rank was Corporal.

George continued his education at the University of Hawaii. After graduation, George could not find a job. Later, Thomas Yoshida told George about the job in Okinawa as a Court interpreter working for the Department of Army Civilians.

George worked for the Department of Army Civilian for approximately a year, interpreting, collecting property records in Naha, and coordinating workers for repairing a 90-foot boat.

When George's one-year contract ended, he came home to Hawaii. He worked serval jobs before working at the State Tax Office as a tax auditor for 23 years. In George's retirement years and he stayed active with golf. He and his wife have six children, four grandchildren, and one great-grandchild.

George reflects on the occupation and the Nisei linguists and their contributions. In George's opinion, he felt the Nisei linguists were the bridge between the United States Army and the Japanese nationals. Although the occupation was successful in helping Japan to rebuild, George felt the main point is to treat the people well with respect. George hopes for his grandchildren and great-grandkids to have a good education, a good job, and marry into a fine family. His message for future generations is to be kind to one another and treat them as human beings.

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Matsunaga, George: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

He explains he used diplomacy to treat everyone fairly. George gave an example of using diplomacy when he interpreted for a Colonel in Morioka for rice rationing. George learned to treat others equally from his mother. He recalls the situations with the Koreans being oppressed. George tried to help them and acted as the middle man to make peace.

During the occupation, George saw the effects of war from starvation and death. One thing that upset George was seeing two to three funerals every day for soldiers killed in action (KIA). Overall, George felt the occupation was a success in rebuilding Japan.

After the occupation, George returned to Hawaii and graduated from the University of Hawaii on his GI Bill. In 1950, George worked in Okinawa for the Department of Army Civilians as a court interpreter for a Judge and collect property deeds in Naha.

George recalls in 1945 a plane crashed with 12 linguists aboard the flight. George knew some of the men well because they were from Hawaii and Mainland -Joe Kuwada, Motokane, Ueoka, and the Inouye brothers.
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Matsunaga, George: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Life for George changed on December 7, 1941. George recalls learning about the Pearl Harbor attack and described Japan's attempt to attack the oil refinery. At school, George remembered digging trenches and carrying a gas mask every day even to graduation. After Pearl Harbor, George feared what would happen to the Japanese American community.

When George graduated high school, he attended the University of Hawaii and worked for a pineapple cannery. At the University of Hawaii, the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) recruited George. On January 3, George was sworn in for service and went to a replacement depo outside Schofield. George left Hawaii for the first time to go to the mainland for training.

At the CIC School in Maryland (Camp Ritchie). George learned FBI work. Later, George went to Fort Meade, Maryland, and took furlough. George received news the war ended and was shipped out immediately to Camp Stonemann Pittsburg to go overseas.
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Matsunaga, George: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Ishimoto, Arthur: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2010 October 12]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Identity and values]]>
Okubo's three brothers also serviced in the military. They do not talk about their war time service. Okubo says he is not allow due to secrecy until recently. After being discharge, he returns back to his former employer American Family Life Insurance Company before starting his own independent business. Okubo discusses the Nisei legacy and contribution for the future, He donates his wartime items to the National Museum and shares advice for future generations. ]]>
Okubo, Don: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 January 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]>
Education]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Doi, Masato: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 September 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> Social activities--Sports]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Yoshino, Yoshito: narrator]]> Yee, Govan: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 March 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Education]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Yoshino, Yoshito: narrator]]> Yee, Govan: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007 March 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education--Public schools]]> Social activities]]> Hirose, Masana: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003-10-11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Arlington, Virginia]]> Education]]> Identity and values]]> Social activities]]> Matsui, Takashi: narrator]]> Okinaka, Bobby: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 September 01]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--522nd Field Artillery Battalion]]> Yasukochi, Fred: narrator]]> Tagami, Steve: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 August 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Industry and employment]]> Race--Discrimination]]> Education]]> Identity and values]]> Yasukochi, Fred: narrator]]> Tagami, Steve: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 August 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II]]> World War II--Asiatic-Pacific Theater --Marianas Islands--Saipan, Tinian and Guam]]> World War II--Women]]> World War II--Medals]]> World War II--Military service]]> Kishiue, Nobuo Richard: narrator]]> Lim, R: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> World War II--Military service--Discharge]]> World War II--Medals]]> World War II--Veterans]]> Hamada, Dick: narrator]]> Tsukano, Lloyd: interviewer ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center ]]> 2005 October 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Parents]]> Social activities]]> Education--Japanese language schools]]> Hamada, Dick: narrator]]> Tsukano, Lloyd: interviewer ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher ]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--Military service--Embarkation]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--European Theater--Po Valley Campaign]]> World War II--Combat--Weapons--Artillery]]> World War II--Italy]]> Furuto, Minoru: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 January 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Awards, medals]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Uriu, Masashi: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Toyota: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 November 19]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Japan--Pre-World War II]]> Japan--Okinawa]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Arakaki, Taro: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: inteviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Military service--Veterans' organizations]]> Community activities]]> Identity and values]]> Turner, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Education]]> Military service--Post-World War II service]]> Identity and values]]> Turner, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Education]]> Turner, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Social activities]]> Takashige, Robert: narrator]]> Tanaka, Priscilla: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> World War II--Military service--Recruiting and enlisting]]> World War II--Photography]]> Nakasone, Harold: narrator]]> Miyasaki, Gaye: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 21]]> eng ]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Education]]> Nishimoto, Arthur: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Awards, medals]]> Tanaka, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> Tanaka, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 27 ]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Education]]> Identity and values]]> Inada, Kenneth: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 26

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eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]>