World War II--Economic losses]]> World War II--Loyalty Questionnaire]]> World War II--Military service--Recruiting and enlisting]]> Race--Segregation]]> Akagi, Nelson: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darryl: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003-08-16]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--France]]> Kagawa, Wallace: narrator]]> Furuya, Kenny: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 09]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, California ]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--Travel]]> Tateishi, Tetsuo: narrator]]> Ono, Diane: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 April 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Poston (Colorado River)]]> World War II--Military service--522nd Field Artillery Battalion]]> World War II--Military service--Recruiting and enlisting]]> Ichiuji, Joseph: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> Hashisaka, Norman: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 September 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Topaz (Central Utah)]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> Kojimoto, Mitsunobu: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 May 01]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Alameda, California ]]>
Ken's father immigrated to the United States from Fukushima-ken, Japan, to help his family financially. In Sacramento, he worked in the rice field and a cannery. After saving enough money, he opened a delicatessen store in Downtown Sacramento. Ken's mother was a housewife who cared for seven children (five boys and two girls).

Ken grew up in a farming background in Sacramento. He enjoyed being outdoors, playing with his friends, and watching movies. The family moved around several times before setting in the Bay area.

Before the Pearl Harbor attack, Ken had aspirations to graduate High School and attend college. On December 7, Ken was at home listening to the radio when he heard the news about Pearl Harbor.

When Executive Order 9066 was signed by the President, Ken's family evacuated from their residence. Ken and his family went to Tanforan Assembly Center. He described the living conditions and life at Tanforan before going to Topaz, Utah.




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Nihei, Ken: narrator]]> Hanamura, Wendy: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Ken's first battle was on Mount Fogarito. In the Headquarters Platoon, Ken did various assignments. One job was to be a litter-bearer and carry the wounded soldiers off the battlefield. Ken discusses the risk of being a litter-bearer. His friend Tom Nishimoto died when he was a litter-bearer carrying Captain Cassey down the mountain.

Another job was escorting POWs down the mountain. Ken, Norbori, and Chizuo Uyeda took the POWs down and were attacked by mortar shells. They were not hit, but one of the POWs was wounded.

After Mount Fogarito, the Company marched into Carrera, Italy, and he recalls the townspeople were happy to see them. Ken was in combat with the German soldiers for several weeks until Genova.

Post-war, Ken was assigned to ship the German POWs back to Germany. The group was divided into two modes of transports truck and train. Ken and his men were on the train convoy, and they had to watch 400 POWs.]]>
Nihei, Ken: narrator]]> Hanamura, Wendy: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Schofield Barracks]]> World War II--Military service--Travel]]> Takano, Thomas: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 October 08]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Nishioka, Tommy: narrator]]> Enomoto, Satomi: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Language School]]> Nakamura, Horace: narrator]]> Tagami, Steve: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 February 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Matsushita, Tomii: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 18]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Salt Lake City, Utah]]> Industry and employment]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--Military service]]> Takashige, Robert: narrator]]> Tanaka, Priscilla: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Hawaii-- Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Oura, James: narrator]]> Sakai, Eileen: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 October 23]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--Recruiting and enlisting]]> Post World War II--Travel, leisure]]> Doi, Masato: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 September 26 ]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hawaii]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Ida, Fred: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 September 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Industry and employment]]> Identity and values]]> Ida, Fred: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 September 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--Medical care]]> Industry and employment]]> World War II--Prisoners and prisons]]> Aki, Patrick: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2011 February 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]>
After the Assembly Center, James went to Tulare, Arizona. The camp was unfinished, and there were tranches. Moreover, at the far end of the camp, barracks were uncompleted. James lived in a barrack and described the living conditions and food.

At Tulare, James worked in the hospital as an orderly. His tasks ranged from carrying the deceased to the morgue, helping the nurses with physical duties, and whatever else needs to be done. Later, the camp had a camouflage project and James worked on that. Reflecting on camp life, James said it was somewhat like a vacation. He could do anything, spent time with friends, and there were dances on the weekends.

James recalls volunteers leaving camp for the Army. He said it was sad to see the volunteers leave because they were leaving behind family and loved ones. When news about the 100th and 442nd accomplishments in Cassino was in the newspaper, James was in Des Moines, ID, and he felt proud of the Niseis. James worked at Broadlawns General Hospital in Des Moines. Later James received a draft notice.

He went to several weeks of basic training before going to Camp Blanding. During basic training, the most significant thing James learned was endurance from marching. After completing basic training, James went to Minnesota by train. When James arrived at language school, there were about 1,000 men. There were different classes and duties to keep him busy. Although James went to Japanese Language School when he was younger, he had to train himself now to read, write, and speak Japanese. There was a test every weekend.
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Murata, James: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Hagiwara, Patrick: narrator]]> Dojiri, Michelle: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 July 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Seattle, Washington ]]>
Few days after the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese Americans' status changes to 4C, enemy aliens. In addition, there are restrictions such as traveling and curfew hours.

Yoshiro recalls preparing and leaving for evacuation when President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066. The Tokiwa family goes to the Salinas Assembly Center and then to Poston, Arizona. Yoshiro says they are only allowed to bring what they can carry.

At Poston, Yoshiro works as a security guard and then in the agriculture department. In camp, all the internees are given a loyalty questionnaire. Yoshiro explains the no-no boys and deportation.

In 1944, Yoshiro is drafted. He shares his experience of being inducted and going to basic training at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Yoshiro discusses the segregation in Mississippi.

At the end of Yoshiro's military career, he is a Technician 5th Grade (Corporal level). Yoshiro is discharged from the Army in January 1947, from Camp Beale, CA.
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Tokiwa, Yoshiro: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

On the day of the evacuation, the Japanese American families living in Irvington met at the school ground and went to Tanforan on the Greyhound bus. Minoru describes the living conditions in the horse stables and assembling their straw mattress.

Minoru and his family left Tanforan after a few months, and they were sent to Topaz, Utah, by train. Arriving at Topaz, there were barbed wires and guard towers at Topaz. Minoru describes the living conditions and life in the camp. Besides attending classes, Minoru worked clearing the sagebrush.

In Topaz, a loyalty questionnaire was given to all the internees. Minoru's father did not answer questions 27 and 28 and was sent to Tule Lake. Minoru went to Tule Lake to visit his father, but he left for farming in Idaho with George and Harry. After Minoru was reclassified 1A, he was drafted into the Military. Minoru remembered leaving Topaz at night to Fort Douglas due to the Kibeis.

At Fort Douglas, Minoru took his physical exam and requested to join the Air Force. Minoru was declined for the Air Force but was accepted for the Military. Later Minoru went to Camp Shelby and was shocked by how different it is from California. After weeks of training, Minoru picked up the Hawaiian language.

Post-war, Minoru revisited Topaz, Utah, and saw a plaque with the names who served in the Military. However, many names were missing including Minoru and his brothers. There was a petition to add the missing names.





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Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Education]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Yamada, Kazuhiko: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 30]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> World War II--War crimes trials]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Shishido, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 January 17]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Heart Mountain]]> World War II--Temporary Detention Facilities--Santa Anita]]> Law and legislation--Executive Order 9066]]> Konoshima, Akio: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2009 July 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Bethesda, Maryland ]]>
After, Ray went to Okinawa to work for the Civil and Information Department in the military government. He was promoted to Visual Presentation Information Specialist. Ray had many Okinawan people working with him to spread propaganda about democracy in Okinawa. Ray screened movies and documentaries around different towns in Okinawa. Afterward, Ray started renting out regular American films, and his job was to control that.

When Ray did not have work, he found time to visit friends and his siblings. Ray has not seen his sisters and younger brother for 11 years. He reunited with his sisters and brother in Kagoshima and helped them come back to the United States. One of Ray's sisters got married there. After the war, Ray's father returned to Japan.

After serving his time in the occupation, Ray was discharged from the Army and censored telegrams in Osaka. Ray met his wife. His wife was working for the CCD in Tokyo and kept in touch. In March 1950, Ray worked in Okinawa and later returned to Tokyo in October 1951 and married his wife in June 1952.

By 1952, Ray was in Japan for five years, and he returned to the United States with his wife. Ray continued his education at the University of Minnesota, majoring in accounting. He later worked for a CPA firm, and then the Air Force Audit Agency hired him. Later Ray and his family moved to Japan, and Ray audited contracts in various places in Asia.


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Mayeda, Ray: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

After the draft notice, he receives his Military Intelligence Service (MIS) training. Tony is trained for occupational work and is assigned to the translation group for the invasion of Japan.

Tony's knowledge of the Japanese language and Japanese culture comes in handy for his training and during the occupation. At Fort Snelling, the training focuses on interpreting. After training, the overseas trip is delayed, and Tony ships out in November to Yokohama, Japan.

When Tony arrives in Yokohama, Japan, he sees the destruction of Japan first hand. He goes to Camp Zama, the Replacement Depot. He recalls the Japanese locals carry themselves very well despite going through the war. When Tony meets locals in Japan, they are curious about internment camps and the Japanese Americans on the mainland.

Tony gets his assignment and is assigned to the 5250th Technical Intelligence Company located at the former Tokyo First Armory at Camp Oji (Northern Tokyo). He is the interpreter for US Army scientists, engineers, chemists, and physicists whose responsibility is to investigate war crime activities of Japanese scientists and institutions. The US Army scientists are researching what the Japanese scientists were working on and discovered during the war.

When Tony has free time he goes on jeeps rides with a few other linguists and explores the countryside and beaches. Tony takes pictures during the occupations and describes a few of them.


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Koura, Tony: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

There are four members in Gary's family since his mother remarries. Gary describes the barrack structure and living conditions. Gary says it is easy to make friends at camp but going to different mess halls to eat. The structure of the mess halls at the assembly center changes the family dynamic doing meal times. Before camp, Japanese American families would eat together. Now the children look for their peers to eat with them. In addition, the parents are finding jobs in camp to earn extra money.

After a few months at Stockton Assembly Center, Gary and his family go to Rohwer, AK. The trip takes four days, and there are no showers amenities. In Rohwer, there are approximately 9,500 Japanese Americans. Gary says they arrive at Rohwer in October and the Issei parents organize a schooling system for the children.

Gary is a junior in high school, and there are approximately 170 students. He meets different peers from Washington and various parts of California. Before the war, Gary recalls his mother telling him that he is born and raised in the United States. America is his homeland. His mother also instills in him the attitude of shikata ga nai and do not make waves.]]>
Shiota, Henry Gary: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

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