At the end of 1944, Michael went overseas and landed in Naples, Italy. Michael was assigned to the 100th Battalion as a replacement and went to Marseille, France. Michael experiences his first attack in Bruyeres.

Michael describes Bruyeres and soldiers wounded from shrapnel or shell bursts. After Bruyeres and Biffontaine, Michael was in the Lost Battalion rescue. Many soldiers lost their lives in the Lost Battalion. According to Michael the most challenging part of the war was seeing the wounded soldiers. Michael remembers a close call and feeling lucky to survive the war. Jimmy also said the worst part of war is death. He recalls his friend being killed in action.

Overseas, Michael was a mortarman, and Jimmy was in Headquarters Company as a wireman. Michael and Jimmy agree the German weapons were advanced in contrast to the American weaponry.

Post-war, Jimmy reenlisted and asked to be stationed in Japan to see his parents. Later, Michael also went to Japan in 1969 to visit his mother. Michael and Jimmy discuss the Nisei legacy and the Nisei's contribution helped future generations in every aspect.

Michael is married to Jean and has two children, Janice and David. Michael and Jean also have grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Jimmy and Alice have three children, Glenn, Nancy, and Mark, and four grandchildren. Jimmy wishes for children a good life and to be good citizens.
]]>
Doi, Jimmy: narrator]]> Doi, Michael John: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2007-03-07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

On April 24, the Chinese assaulted Hershey's squad, and he gave orders for his men to withdraw. Hershey covered for his men to escape. He was wounded and captured by the Chinese soldiers. At the POW camp, Hershey describes the living conditions he endured for 27 and a half months. He did not get proper nourishment, medical attention, and warm clothing. To avoid wood cutting detail, Hershey became the barber in camp.

In 1952 the peace talks started, and the names of the POWs were released. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War. The Medal of Honor changed many aspects of Hershey's life, and he spoke at many events. As a fellow American of Japanese ancestry, Japanese Americans are just as dedicated to the United States as any other American. Hershey felt the training and his fellow soldiers helped him, but there was a higher being that guided him through the war experience.

Hershey was not religious when his mother passed away. However, he returned to his faith and religion helped Hershey get through his war experience, POW life, and post-war.



]]>
Miyamura, Hiroshi "Hershey"; narrator]]> Yamazaki, Christine; interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center; publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004-07-24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Before going overseas, Henry visits his family in Amache and has a bad experience. He describes the living conditions and treatment. Also, Henry gets married to his wife in Chicago.

In Italy, Henry is in the last push. He describes his time in the European Theater and the learning of Joe's death. Chiye Hayashi Watanabe and Seiichi Nakawatase also discuss learning about Joe's death. Joe Hayashi is awarded the Purple Heart, Distinguish Service Medal, and Medal of Honor for his service in World War Two.
]]>
Watanabe, Chiye: narrator]]> Hayashi, Henry: narrator]]> Nakawatase, Seiichi: narrator]]> Yuge, Tim: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Overseas, Jumpei encounters some close calls. He shares his stories about a hand grenade, a three-story building, and a fence. Besides his close calls, he says the scariest thing is the German 88s. He recalls being with C Company and hearing the 88s nearby.

Jumpei discusses the difference between the German weapons and the guns he uses in the heavy weapons unit. In Italy, he has an opportunity to buy a Lugar pistol from an Italian civilian.

Jumpei does not interact with the locals during wartime. However, he remembers passing under a bridge and seeing the hungry children. When the war ends, Jumpei goes sightseeing in Europe, and his favorite place he visits is Switzerland.

Jumpei returns to the United States and reunites with his parents in Chicago, IL. He gets married and works at an auto body. Jumpei and his wife, Kimiko, have two children, Jean and Robert, and grandchildren. Also, they have a niece and nephews.

After retiring from working at the auto body, Jumpei helps his daughter Jean. His goal is to stay healthy and live long to see the next Olympics.

]]>
Mine, Jumpei: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Race--Discrimination]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--522nd Field Artillery Battalion]]> Ouchi, Albert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--France]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Ohta, Francis Mitsuo: narrator]]> Nagoshi, F.: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2008 April 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Maui, Hawaii]]>
Minoru describes life on the battlefields and having three close calls with German shells. Soldiers' lives were not the only ones in danger. Minoru explains the Officers tried to avoid being a target by the German soldiers. Therefore, the Officers dressed the same as the soldiers in the field.

At the end of the war, Minoru stayed to guard the German Prisoners and the supplies because he did not have enough points to return home. In 1946, Minoru was discharged from the Military at Fort Meade, Maryland, and went to San Francisco, CA, on a bus. Coming home, Minoru was decorated with the Combat Infantryman Badge, Presidential Unit Citation, three battle stars of his European Campaign, and Good Conduct.

Post-war, Minoru worked a few jobs before working for Peralta College for 25 years before retiring. Minoru married Lilly and had two children, Karen, and Kevin. Minoru was active with the Nisei Veterans Group and going to reunions. Minoru felt the Nisei legacy helped open opportunities for future generations, and he donated his book of war photographs to Go For Broke National Education Center.]]>
Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

After completing his basic training at Camp Shelby, Minoru traveled to Tule Lake to visit his father. When Minoru left Tule Lake, he boarded a bus, and the passengers applauded him. The experience was different from what the African Americans experienced in the South.

From New York, Minoru and his brother, John, departed to go overseas. A winter storm on the Atlantic Ocean caused a rough voyage for the soldiers. During the trip, German submarines were spotted in the ocean. Therefore, the Aquitania took a detour to Glasgow, Scotland, instead of England.

Minoru joined the 442nd in the South of France. When he was not a mortarman, he was a litter carrier picking up wounded Nisei. In Italy, Minoru fought with the Allied troops and the 92nd Division. Minoru recalls artillery fire from the German soldier. He describes the battle on top of Mount Fogarito.]]>
Miyasaki, Minoru: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

The three Morishita brothers, Kenzo, Leo, and Yutaka, all serve during World War Two but have different duties. Kenzo is Leo's older brother, is in I Company, and one of the eight survivors from the Los battalion Rescue. Leo discusses Kenzo's near-death experience during his combat with German soldiers. Yutaka is the youngest brother, who is in the Air Corps in Germany.

Leo recalls the last push and the Gothic Line. The 442nd encounters many casualties. Previously at Camp Shelby, Leo learns weapon training. Leo is a rifleman for three weeks before he is reassigned to the 442nd as a placement. As a rifleman, Leo carries a Browning Automatic Rifle BR-88.

When Leo is a medic, he recalls treating two soldiers. He describes each event. Leo also shares a story about two Hawaiian soldiers he meets at the medic station.]]>
Morishita, Leo: narrator]]> Garvey, John: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

The journey being when Janet watches a television special on the 442nd. After researching, Janet corresponds with a Nisei veteran, and Janet's thank you letter becomes published.

On a holiday trip, the Hardwick sisters visit the Japanese American Memorial in Washington D.C. and leave a photo of their father with a thank you note. This gesture opens the door to networking with more Nisei veterans and learning about the Nisei legacy. Furthermore, an invite to the 442nd reunion.

Although Janet and Susan's father did not discuss his wartime experience much, he did express his gratitude and admiration for the 442nd. He says the 442nd are the only ones who can get the job done and rescued the Lost Battalion.

Janet and Susan talk about sharing the history of the Japanese Americans with their family and future generations. The heroic actions of the 442nd save their father's life and gave them valuable time together before his passing.]]>
Brown, Janet: narrator]]> Hardwick, Susan: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Wartime is a heavy discussion. However, in this interview, Ray Wells and Julian Quayles talk about the lighter side of World War Two. Both men highlight areas of v-mail, homecoming, and post-war life.

The USO and V-mail bring high morale to the troops during wartime. Ray and Julian both agree that V-mail is an important aspect of the soldiers' morale. Ray says V-mail is like a piece of their home. There are not many opportunities to write correspondences if you are on the frontline. If you are in the hospital, you have more of a chance to write letters. If you are injured, the Red Cross can assist you with your correspondence(s).

When Ray is in the hospital, he recalls helping another soldier write his correspondence. Both Ray and Julian receive correspondence from their mother while overseas. Ray and Julian say there is censorship when you write your correspondences. You are limited in what you can say.

Both Ray and Julian discuss their homecoming to the mainland. After World War Two, Julian pursues his law degree and starts his practice. Julian remains active in the Military and retires as a Colonel JAG Officer. As for Ray, he goes to Okinawa, Japan, and the Korean War. Moreover, each man becomes a father and have grandchildren.]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles discusses what happens after he escapes from the German soldiers. Julian with another Officer, finds shelter on an Italian civilian's property until they can rejoin the American lines. Julian does not reunite with the American troops until mid-October.

Ray Wells and his Company are training until their next action. They move to Mount Rotondo. Ray discusses the attitudes of the civilians. Food is scarce during the wartimes.

At Mount Rotondo, everyone in Ray's squad is hit by artillery fire. Ray is hospitalized for several weeks. During his recovery, he meets General MacArthur and Hideichi Shimabukuro from the 100th.

When Ray receives news about his brother, he goes AWOL but returns to the frontlines. After recovery, Ray attaches himself to G Company (rifle company) and goes to San Pietro, Italy.

During this time, Julian and his troops are in Monte Cassino. After Monte Cassino, Julian is Battalion S3 (Plans and Training Officer). He is promoted a few more times throughout the European Theater when the higher officers are killed in action.

Even though there are many losses of soldiers from combat, Julian says the morale remains the same. Replacements are brought in to help with the men killed in action or wounded in action.

In Rome, Julian remembers there is a lot of marching. The Germans have set up a few diversions for the American soldiers such as roadblocks and Middle Eastern soldiers to help on the ground. Julian recalls before Monte Cassino, he is sitting on the mountain and watching two British Army soldiers.

Both Ray and Julian discuss the German weapons, mines, and observations planes.]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles joins the National Guards during his sophomore year in college. He is a part of Company B, 124th Infantry, 31st Division. Julian does his training at Camp Blanding. He describes the living conditions and training.

When Pearl Harbor is attacked on December 7, both Julian and Ray Wells are called to active duty. When Julian and Ray go overseas, they first arrive in Oran, Africa. They share stories of American soldiers being attacked in Africa.

After Africa, Julian and Ray travel to Italy. Ray's first battle is at Mount Rotondo. Julian his capture captured by German soldiers in the town of Persano. ]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Raymond C. Wells is born May 5, 1922, in Eagle Colorado. Julian Minor Quayles, Jr is born January 15, 1917, in Staunton, Virginia. Both men serve in the 141st Infantry Battalion during World War Two.

Ray's and Julian's parents are hardworking to provide for the family. Ray's father works on the railroad. As a result, the Wells family moves around New Mexico. Julian's father retires when Julian is born and has many opportunities for bonding time.

Both men discuss their childhood and school years. In their informal years, they begin their military experiences. Ray joins the National Guards at the age of sixteen. Julian attends Augusta Military Academy at Fort Defiance.

Ray describes his National Guard training and active duty in 1940. He recalls December 7, and Rapido River. ]]>
Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Wartime is a heavy discussion. However, in this interview, Ray Wells and Julian Quayles talk about the lighter side of World War Two. Both men highlight areas of v-mail, homecoming, and post-war life.

The USO and V-mail bring high morale to the troops during wartime. Ray and Julian both agree that V-mail is an important aspect of the soldiers' morale. Ray says V-mail is like a piece of their home. There are not many opportunities to write correspondences if you are on the frontline. If you are in the hospital, you have more of a chance to write letters. If you are injured, the Red Cross can assist you with your correspondence(s).

When Ray is in the hospital, he recalls helping another soldier write his correspondence. Both Ray and Julian receive correspondence from their mother while overseas. Ray and Julian say there is censorship when you write your correspondences. You are limited in what you can say.

Both Ray and Julian discuss their homecoming to the mainland. After World War Two, Julian pursues his law degree and starts his practice. Julian remains active in the Military and retires as a Colonel JAG Officer. As for Ray, he goes to Okinawa, Japan, and the Korean War. Moreover, each man becomes a father and has grandchildren.]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles discusses what happens after he escapes from the German soldiers. Julian with another Officer, finds shelter on an Italian civilian's property until they can rejoin the American lines. Julian does not reunite with the American troops until mid-October.

Ray Wells and his Company are training until their next action. They move to Mount Rotondo. Ray discusses the attitudes of the civilians. Food is scarce during the wartimes.

At Mount Rotondo, everyone in Ray's squad is hit by artillery fire. Ray is hospitalized for several weeks. During his recovery, he meets General MacArthur and Hideichi Shimabukuro from the 100th.

When Ray receives news about his brother, he goes AWOL but returns to the frontlines. After recovery, Ray attaches himself to G Company (rifle company) and goes to San Pietro, Italy.

During this time, Julian and his troops are in Monte Cassino. After Monte Cassino, Julian is Battalion S3 (Plans and Training Officer). He is promoted a few more times throughout the European Theater when the higher officers are killed in action.

Even though there are many losses of soldiers from combat, Julian says the morale remains the same. Replacements are brought in to help with the men killed in action or wounded in action.

In Rome, Julian remembers there is a lot of marching. The Germans have set up a few diversions for the American soldiers such as roadblocks and Middle Eastern soldiers to help on the ground. Julian recalls before Monte Cassino, he is sitting on the mountain and watching two British Army soldiers.

Both Ray and Julian discuss the German weapons, mines, and observations planes.]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Julian Quayles joins the National Guards during his sophomore year in college. He is a part of Company B, 124th Infantry, 31st Division. Julian does his training at Camp Blanding. He describes the living conditions and training.

When Pearl Harbor is attacked on December 7, both Julian and Ray Wells are called to active duty. When Julian and Ray go overseas, they first arrive in Oran, Africa. They share stories of American soldiers being attacked in Africa.

After Africa, Julian and Ray travel to Italy. Ray's first battle is at Mount Rotondo. Julian his capture captured by German soldiers in the town of Persano. ]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Raymond C. Wells is born May 5, 1922, in Eagle Colorado. Julian Minor Quayles, Jr is born January 15, 1917, in Staunton, Virginia. Both men serve in the 141st Infantry Battalion during World War Two.

Ray's and Julian's parents are hardworking to provide for the family. Ray's father works on the railroad. As a result, the Wells family moves around New Mexico. Julian's father retires when Julian is born and has many opportunities for bonding time.

Both men discuss their childhood and school years. In their informal years, they begin their military experiences. Ray joins the National Guards at the age of sixteen. Julian attends Augusta Military Academy at Fort Defiance.

Ray describes his National Guard training and active duty in 1940. He recalls December 7, and Rapido River. ]]>
Quayles, Julian: narrator]]> Wells, Ray: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Being part of the mortar unit, he describes the dangers that are faced on the battlefields. He shares his experiences of the Lost Battalion rescue, breaking the Gothic Line, and Bruyeres.

When the war ends, he sees two of his brothers overseas. Post-war, Seichi returns home and works at Molokai plantation and Del Monte Kunia before retiring. He gets married and has three children and five grandchildren.

Seichi talks about the Nisei legacy and the contributions of the 442nd for future generations. ]]>
Sakaida, Seichi: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign]]> World War II--Italy]]> Matsumura, Fred: narrator]]> Amano, Iris: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 January 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>
Clarence and Robert discuss being in basic training for almost a year before deployment overseas. Both men go to France and share their first time seeing action and their first time in battle.

Although, Clarence is assigned to K Company and Robert to M Company they both are at Hill 140. Clarence describes the battle and seeing dead soldiers for the first time.

At Luciano, Italy, Robert is wounded by shrapnel, and Clarence is hit by artillery fire. During their one month break after Luciano, M Company has mine training. Clarence and Robert discuss the different types of mines.

Clarence and Robert also talk about German weapons versus American weapons. Even though the German has some powerful weapons, the Americans surprised the Germans with the 88. ]]>
Tamayori, Clarence: narrator
Nagata, Robert: narrator]]>
Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Clarence and Robert discuss being in basic training for almost a year before deployment overseas. Both men go to France and share their first time seeing action and their first time in battle.

Although, Clarence is assigned to K Company and Robert to M Company they both are at Hill 140. Clarence describes the battle and seeing dead soldiers for the first time.

At Luciano, Italy, Robert is wounded by shrapnel, and Clarence is hit by artillery fire. During their one month break after Luciano, M Company has mine training. Clarence and Robert discuss the different types of mines.

Clarence and Robert also talk about German weapons versus American weapons. Even though the German has some powerful weapons, the Americans surprised the Germans with the 88. ]]>
Nagata, Robert: narrator
Tamayori, Clarence: narrator]]>
Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Maritime Alps]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> Tsuda, Rikio: narrator]]> Yoneshige, David: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2002 October 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>
Lillian's sister returns to their family home first. Lillian says when she returns home, she prepares the house for her parents' return from Minidoka. Later she learns about her family receiving death threats.

Lillian discusses John's family's homecoming from Minidoka. When they return home, there is nothing left, and they did not have money. Fortunately, the Matsudaira family receives assistance from Saint Vincent de Paul and other religious affiliations. John does not return home from the hospital until February 1947. John is wounded in Rome in October 1944 by shrapnel. John also receives threats as well after returning home from camp.

Lillian shares John's basic training and war experiences. In Mississippi, there is segregation. Either it is white or black. Japanese Americans are considered white. Lillian says the Asians are not treated as badly as the African Americans in the South.

Lillian feels proud of her husband John for serving during World War Two. She says their contribution liberated the Japanese Americans and shows that the Japanese Americans are good as anyone else. The 442nd opened opportunities for other Asians to have a chance to have a better life. She reflects on American history and the generational gaps between Nisei and Sansei.

Lillian and John have four children and seven grandchildren. She shares memories of her children and John's interests and hobbies. ]]>
Matsudaira, Lillian: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

During the Korean war, Skeets faced challenges in battles with the enemy soldiers and interrogating POWs. He recollects before going to Sunchang, the troops had to go through a mountain road and were under artillery fire. The 2nd Division had a heavy loss of men and could not continue. Therefore, they had to recuperate for a month waiting for replacements.

Besides combat, Skeets interrogated the officers and non-combats. However, there were too many of them. Skeets recalls getting Chinese POWs in Korean uniforms. With the dilemma, McArthur Headquarters went to Chiang Kai Shek to find a Chinese linguist.

Skeets was called back to the 8th Army in Taegu to start an Interrogation Poisoner of War Training School at Army Prison in Pusan. Skeets picked about 20 Niseis from the frontline for 2 weeks of training. The training consisted of map reading, interrogation, and how to evacuate POWs.

The Niseis practiced their interrogation skills on the POWS at the 8th Army Compound. The interrogation later moved to Pusan. After Skeets conduct about four classes of interrogation training, he received orders to go to Japan. Skeets wanted to return to the States. However, linguists were needed.
]]>
Oji, Sukeo: narrator]]> Yee, Govan: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Frank discusses high respect for the 442nd and the 100th accomplishments during the war. All Niseis have the yamato-damashii instilled in them growing up. He gave an example of Barney Hajiro from I Company who received the Army Commendation Medal (ACM). Franks recalls Barney's accomplishments in the war. At the moment, you don't think you just react. Sometimes the reaction is a good choice, and sometimes not.

When Frank was wounded overseas, his parents received a letter regarding his condition. After the war, Frank returned home and saw his father cry for the first time.

Post-war, Frank attends 442nd and I Company reunions. He was also active in organizations. He was a charter member of the VFW post in San Jose and a life member of the Disabled American Veterans and the Veterans of Foreign Wars. Frank also speaks at public events at the Buddhist Church and the Boy Scouts Group about his wartime experiences.

After September 11, Frank was concerned Muslims and hoped they do not go through what the Japanese Americans experienced. Frank encourages future generations to be friends with everyone. Frank reflects on an incident pre-war and prejudice. His past experiences guided him on how to treat others.

]]>
Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

While on patrol, Frank was wounded by a grenade and recuperated in Rome. After four months, Frank was discharged from the hospital and reclassified into limited service. Frank's new assignment was assisting the Supply Sergeant in Marseilles, France.

On January 15, 1946, Frank was discharged and arrived in New York. He describes his feelings of seeing the Statue of Liberty and understanding what she represents.
]]>
Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

At Camp Shelby, the summer was hot, and the winter was cold. The winter was chiller, especially for the Hawaiian soldiers. Frank recalls the Hawaiian boys would sit by the fire all night. In training, Frank learned about the 100th and their accomplishments. The 100th trained at Camp Shelby before going overseas fall of 1943.

After Frank's group completed basic training, they joined the earlier group to form a company at Camp Shelby. Serving in the Army, Frank wanted to show the Government he was a good American. He felt that was the same sentiment with the other Japanese Americans serving in the army.

When Frank prepared to go overseas, he departed from Newport News, VA. The trip took a month, avoiding the German submarines. Frank arrived in Sicily, Italy, first. Overseas, Frank was in the 3rd Platoon, 3rd Squad. He recalls his first battle and seeing his first casualty. Frank describes his third day in combat with the German soldiers.

Frank's major battles were Rome-Arno and Rhineland. During the Hill 140 battle, Frank was in the 3rd Platoon, 3rd Squad, the Platoon Reserve hauling ammunition during the battle on Hill 140. There were many casualties from hill 140. After Hill 140, there were no more battles until Luciana.


]]>
Shimada, Sumio Frank: narrator]]> Yahata, Craig: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

Don is in holding a position in France for four months. This period is called the "Champagne Campaign." Don explains how the name originates. After the hold, Don goes to Italy to the front lines for the Gothic Line.

In Po Valley, Don recalls squad members that are wounded in action and killed in action and his assignment.]]>
Miyada, Don: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--European Theater--Rhineland Campaign, Maritime Alps,"Champagne Campaign"]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> Ida, Fred: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 September 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Social activities]]> Child rearing]]> Ida, Fred: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 September 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> World War II--Military service]]> World War II--Medical care]]> World War II--Military service--Medals and awards]]> Identity and values--Family]]> World War II--Nisei soldiers]]> Ono, Tokuji: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 September 27]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Honolulu, Hawaii]]> Education--Higher education]]> Identity and values--Family]]> Military service--Veterans' organizations]]> World War II--Casualties]]> World War II--Hospitals]]> World War II--Medical care]]> World War II--Military service--Discharge]]> Oshiro, William: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 October 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada ]]>
Later Nob prepares for the invasion of Luzon, Philippines. The first target mission is to hit the American GI Prison Camp. In Luzon, there are Filipino guerrillas who have a different tactic with the POWs. Nob says it is difficult to interrogate POWs if they are wounded. It is better to treat the POWs with humanity for them to corporate. In Manila, Nob is hospitalized and meets Mrs. MacArthur.

After the Philippines, Nob goes to Korea. He serves with the Civil Government working on war crime trials. After his Korea Tour, Nob is discharged, January 3, 1946, at Camp McCoy. Post-war, Nob gets married to Dorthy, and they have four children and several grandchildren.
]]>
Yamashita, Nobuo: narrator]]> Tanaka, Diane: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--American Concentration Camps--Gila River]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--European Theater]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Takusagawa, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Hawkins, Richard: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 February 25]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]> Education--Secondary education]]> Race--Race relations]]> World War II--American Concentration Camps--Manzanar]]> World War II--Military service]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath--Responses of non-Japanese Americans]]> World War II--Pearl Harbor and aftermath--Personal recollections]]> Furuto, Minoru: narrator]]> Yamagami, Don: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2006 January 21]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--European Theater--"The Gothic Line"]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Casualties]]> Nishikubo, Hiroshi: narrator]]> Demonteverde, Marie: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2001 April 29]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Torrance, California ]]>
He recalls his first duties in Okinawa, Japan, is to search the beach for dead bodies. He describes the reactions of the local civilians and the treatment he receives from them as a Japanese American soldier. In the beginning, there is a disconnect in the language because Susumu speaks Hawaiian Japanese. Gradually, he learns to speak the Okinawan language.

Susumu is part of three uniforms. The Army, the Naval Intelligence, and the First Marine Division. Overseas, Susumu receives a promotion from private to lieutenant. As an interpreter, Susumu did not work on the translations. He credits the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) for the translations. ]]>
Sarae, Susumu: narrator]]> Tsukano, Lloyd: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Military service--Veteran history]]> Education]]> Japanese Americans--Post-World War II]]> Inada, Kenneth: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 September 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Las Vegas, Nevada]]> World War II--France]]> World War II--Medical care]]> World War II--Casualties]]> World War II--Nisei soldiers]]> World War II--Veteran history]]> Kohashi, Wataru: narrator]]> Miyamoto, Phil: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> UPS: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2005 March 22]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Hilo, Hawaii]]> Nishioka, Tommy: narrator]]> Enomoto, Satomi: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
Barney was wounded in a firefight and stayed in the hospital to recuperate. He said he was lucky that the bullet hit him in the arm rather than in the chest. Barney returned to the United States and stayed in a Michigan hospital to recover from his injuries. Post-war, Barney received the Medal of Honor. He recalls his army friend that was killed in action.

He flew to Washington DC, and President Clinton presented him the Medal of Honor. The recognition represents honor to the country. The Medal of Honor belongs to I Company, not just him. They all fought together.]]>
Hajiro, Barney: narrator]]> Wasserman, Steven: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>

In Italy, Ken is transferred to Company C and becomes a litter bearer. Sometimes the locals will befriend soldiers to get food. Food is valuable during wartime. He shares his experience as a litter bearer, and how a local asks to help carry the litter.

Post-war, Ken's duty changes to processing German soldiers, and has a pass to go to Milan, Italy. ]]>
Tamura, Ken: narrator]]> Lim, Reuben: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--France]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Wada, Frank: narrator]]> Hanami, Ren: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 September 11]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Combat--Foxhole]]> World War II--Casualties]]> World War II--Medical care]]> World War II--Nisei soldiers]]> World War II--Combat--Weapons--Artillery]]> Yamaguchi, Samuel: narrator]]> Kunitomi, Darrell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 September 11 ]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> California]]> Ken's first battle was on Mount Fogarito. In the Headquarters Platoon, Ken did various assignments. One job was to be a litter-bearer and carry the wounded soldiers off the battlefield. Ken discusses the risk of being a litter-bearer. His friend Tom Nishimoto died when he was a litter-bearer carrying Captain Cassey down the mountain.

Another job was escorting POWs down the mountain. Ken, Norbori, and Chizuo Uyeda took the POWs down and were attacked by mortar shells. They were not hit, but one of the POWs was wounded.

After Mount Fogarito, the Company marched into Carrera, Italy, and he recalls the townspeople were happy to see them. Ken was in combat with the German soldiers for several weeks until Genova.

Post-war, Ken was assigned to ship the German POWs back to Germany. The group was divided into two modes of transports truck and train. Ken and his men were on the train convoy, and they had to watch 400 POWs.]]>
Nihei, Ken: narrator]]> Hanamura, Wendy: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]>
World War II--European Theater]]> Military service--Veteran history]]> World War II--Military service]]> Guy, Edward: narrator]]> Horsting, Robert: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Pacific Bridge: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2004 August 07]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> New Jersey ]]>
On August 25, 1947, Shigeru received an acceptance letter to Centre College. Shigeru shares his journey of creating an independent fraternity before joining the prestigious fraternity Omicron Delta Kappa.

After graduating from Centre, he goes to NYU graduate school of business for two years. He also attends the New York Institute of Finance, run by the Stock Exchange. Shigeru works for Dean Witter for 18 years before retiring.

Shigeru discusses the Nisei legacy and shares a message for future generations. ]]>
Inouye, Shigeru: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

He also learns he receives the Purple Heart when he is at the hospital in Clinton, IA. In May 1946, Shigeru returns to Honolulu and is discharged from the Army on August 4, 1947. When Shigeru is in the 100th, he is a Private First Class (PFC). Then in January of 1944, he is promoted to Corporal T5. He receives his Sergeant strip at McCormick Hospital.

Post-war, Shigeru spends his time with his friends and makes model airplanes. He is happy to be alive and is grateful. Shigeru shares his thoughts on President Roosevelt and President Truman.


]]>
Inouye, Shigeru: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>

Later, Shigeru goes to the Hill 600 battle. He says the German soldiers place mines to prevent them from going up the hill. Shigeru was traumatized by his friend's death.

In January 1944, Shigeru's platoon attempts to cross the Rapido River. Shigeru describes trying to take Cassino. There is artillery fire from the German soldiers and civilians. Shigeru hears the Lieutenant is wounded, and he goes to give medical aid. However, Shigeru gets injured. He treats his injuries and hides behind a rock until help comes. ]]>
Inouye, Shigeru: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> Oral Histories]]>
World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Medical care]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> Ikari, Norman: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Arlington, Virginia ]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--442nd Regimental Combat Team]]> World War II--Military service--Travel]]> Ikari, Norman: narrator]]> Kawata, Ian: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> US Army Center of Military History: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 June 26]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> Arlington, Virginia ]]> Allied Occupation of Japan]]> World War II--Military service--Military Intelligence Service]]> Japan--Post-World War II]]> Kimura, Robert: narrator]]> Nakaishi, Russell: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 1999 April 24]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]> World War II--Military service--100th Infantry Battalion (Separate)]]> World War II--European Theater]]> World War II--Military service--Basic training--Camp Shelby]]> Arakaki, Alfred: narrator]]> Anzai, Irene: interviewer]]> Go For Broke National Education Center: publisher]]> Toyota: sponsor]]> Go For Broke National Education Center]]> 2003 September 28]]> eng]]> Oral Histories]]>

Fatal error: Uncaught Zend_Db_Statement_Mysqli_Exception: Mysqli statement execute error : The table 'omeka_sessions' is full in /var/www/html/application/libraries/Zend/Db/Statement/Mysqli.php:215 Stack trace: #0 /var/www/html/application/libraries/Zend/Db/Statement.php(303): Zend_Db_Statement_Mysqli->_execute(Array) #1 /var/www/html/application/libraries/Zend/Db/Adapter/Abstract.php(480): Zend_Db_Statement->execute(Array) #2 /var/www/html/application/libraries/Zend/Db/Adapter/Abstract.php(576): Zend_Db_Adapter_Abstract->query('INSERT INTO `om...', Array) #3 /var/www/html/application/libraries/Zend/Db/Table/Abstract.php(1076): Zend_Db_Adapter_Abstract->insert('omeka_sessions', Array) #4 /var/www/html/application/libraries/Zend/Session/SaveHandler/DbTable.php(356): Zend_Db_Table_Abstract->insert(Array) #5 /var/www/html/application/libraries/Omeka/Session/SaveHandler/DbTable.php(102): Zend_Session_SaveHandler_DbTable->write('ul37bsili54iims...', Array) #6 [internal function]: Omeka_Session_SaveHandler_DbTable->write('ul37b in /var/www/html/application/libraries/Zend/Db/Statement/Mysqli.php on line 215